Search results

This study aims to document the incidence and causes of deaths in custody in Senegal from 2017 to 2019 and to describe the demographic and criminal justice characteristics of decedents.

The authors examined medical records and death reports relating to all deaths occurring between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019 during a period of incarceration in Senegal.

Among the estimated 83,568 people incarcerated in Senegal during the study period, 83 deaths were recorded in custody; 24 in 2017, 32 in 2018 and 27 in 2019. This resulted in a rate of 1.0 deaths per 1,000 incarcerated people. Of the 83 decedents identified, 79 (95%) were males. Similar proportions of decedents were serving custodial sentences (n = 44; 53%) and awaiting trial (n = 39; 47%) at the time of death. Most deaths were recorded as being because of natural causes (n = 67; 81%); the most common causes recorded were cardiovascular disease (n = 22; 27%), cancer (n = 12; 15%) and infectious diseases (n = 11; 13%). Two people (2.4%) died by suicide, and one (1.2%) died as a result of interpersonal violence. Most deaths (n = 59; 71%) occurred in hospitals, 14 (17%) occurred in prisons and 7 (8%) occurred in prison health centers.

The authors observed a higher rate of death and a markedly lower proportion of deaths in custody in Senegal because of suicide and violence, when compared with similar studies from high-income countries. The findings of this study point to a need for greater investment in screening, health care and health promotion in custodial settings to reduce potentially preventable deaths among people in custody in Senegal.

User-generated content was explored to understand the public discourse surrounding the Vessel, a star architecture in New York. Through text analytics, the study aims to uncover topics, sentiments and themes in public opinion regarding this controversial building from social media data.

This study utilized a big data and text analytics approach, employing topic modeling with the BERTopic technique, sentiment analysis with roBERTa and thematic analysis on 10,259 Reddit comments pertaining to the Vessel.

The comments were grouped into 20 topics and seven themes, shedding light on discussions regarding the Vessel’s philosophy of existence, critiques of the architect’s approach, evaluations of project success or failure and considerations of the project’s future. Negative sentiments dominate the discourse, reflecting widespread criticism and skepticism towards the project.

The manual data collection method, due to API restrictions, precluded tracking evolving trends over time. Nevertheless, the study provides insights for architects, urban planners, policymakers and stakeholders involved in public space design and management, highlighting the importance of considering user feedback from social media platforms.

This study enriches our comprehension of how users perceive star architecture in the age of social media, focusing on hidden layers of discourse surrounding a controversial iconic building. By combining topic modeling and sentiment analysis, the study offers a novel approach to analyzing architectural public debates on social media platforms like Reddit.

Despite the growing prison population in South America and the high prevalence of infectious diseases, there is limited evidence on the factors associated with self-reported tuberculosis (TB) in this population. This study aims to identify the factors associated with self-reported TB among inmates in all prisons across Ecuador.

The 2022 Prison Census was used. The presence of TB was self-reported based on the question: Has any doctor diagnosed you with any of the following diseases: Tuberculosis? Prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained using crude and multivariable models along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a generalized linear model with random effect at the prison level to assess the association among the study variables.

The prevalence of self-reported TB was 4.7%. Socio-demographic factors (prisoners aged between 18 and 29 years and indigenous), clinical factors (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, diabetes and attempted suicide) and imprisonment characteristics (re-offender, having a medical check-up on admission and being incarcerated for 6 months or more) increased the prevalence of self-reported TB compared with their counterparts.

This study provides a detailed understanding of the factors contributing to the prevalence of self-reported TB in the prison population of Ecuador. The findings highlight the need for strategies focused on TB control through diagnosis and treatment, management of HIV, diabetes and malnutrition, as well as the restructuring of prison facilities. Implementing these measures is crucial for addressing the identified factors and improving inmate health conditions.

This study aims to evaluate the current educational opportunities available to hermaphrodite (Hijra) students, analyze their difficulties while pursuing academic degrees and suggest potential approaches to address these issues.

This research used a qualitative method to analyze the challenges Hijra individuals face in pursuing education. A total of 20 interviews were conducted with two Hijra groups those who are pursuing an education and those who have abandoned it to collect primary data. The purposive sampling technique was used to identify and choose diverse sources of information. Moreover, the phenomena have been comprehended using the Access Theory and the Gender Stratification Theory.

The findings show that although every Bangladeshi has the right to a decent education, few Hijra youngsters attend schools. Numerous barriers, such as discriminatory views and remarks about third-gender people, physical and mental harassment, a lack of emotional and financial support, family issues, discrimination in the school community and hostility from classmates and teachers, make it difficult for hermaphrodite students to receive a proper education.

This research paper fills a gap in the current body of knowledge by presenting empirical evidence regarding young people’s perceptions of the third-gender, the societal barriers faced by Hijra individuals in their pursuit of quality education, their future opportunities, the root causes of these challenges and possible solutions.

This case study focuses on an alternative minimum-security model, the Safety Income (SI) Model, representing a nuanced departure from both established policies and UBI. StI is a welfare system that supplements households earning below the standard median income with 50% of the difference between the standard median and their current earnings. The quantitative case study presents the set-up of SI and assesses the cost of its implementation in South Korea. By employing a computable general equilibrium model method, the study compares the impacts of SI, UBI and the existing scheme in South Korea on income disparities, labor market outcomes and Gross Domestic Product.

In the past decade, the Universal Basic Income (UBI) concept has gained international significant traction as a potential remedy for poverty and inequality. However, the practical implications of UBI implementation remain under extensive debate. It is unclear if UBI is an effective model for poverty alleviation.

The analyses show that SI outperforms the other two welfare systems across all studied economic indicators. SI demonstrates more substantial reductions in income inequality compared with UBI and the existing scheme, minimal impact on unemployment rates compared with other schemes and a relatively modest decrease in GDP, making it a more favorable choice for South Korea when developing the minimum-security system within the specified budget constraint.

This research contributes to the discourse surrounding basic income, economic security, poverty alleviation and inclusive social policies.

Chapter 6 explores the cultural impact of mental health, addiction, and dual diagnosis challenges with a specific focus on Irish society. The chapter takes a staggered approach whereby each type of challenge is separated and discussed individually, before being joined together through discussions on dual diagnosis as presented in Section 6.4. These discussions are designed to highlight the cultural deviance that is perceived by other people towards those with such diagnosis over the years that such diagnosis have been prevalent in history. In particular, the discussions around dual diagnosis here will strengthen the discussion in Chapter 4: ‘The Conundrum of Dual Diagnosis’ and will set the groundwork for the remainder of this text.