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Copyright law has been oft-criticized for its unintended consequences. This paper retells three “tales of the unintended” concerning the 1976 Copyright Act, the present U.S. copyright statute. The first tale focuses on fair use, the second on statutory damages, and the third on formalities. From these three tales, the paper draws five different morals that provide insights into the ongoing process of copyright reform. These insights will enable policymakers and commentators to rethink the ongoing and future development of copyright law.

Looks at the results of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989: first, the formalities required to execute deeds; second, formalities for entering into a contract to dispose of land; third, other minor consequences – mortgages and business leases.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) provides a useful tool for the prescreening or detection of goods and containers moving across the border and for controlling the trade of illicit materials and preventing or mitigating the effects of terrorism. Although anti-terrorism measures are important in today’s dangerous world, RFID tools, if misused, may violate the WTO trade rules. Whenever goods or container control measures using RFID are proposed, their contents, objectives, and rationale must be published, and WTO members must be notified through the WTO Secretariat and allowed to make comments. WTO members should not take such measures that are designed or applied in a discriminatory manner and those measures must be adopted only under necessary situations and to the extent necessary. These measures must reduce the incidence and complexity of import and export formalities, and there should not be substantial penalties for minor breaches of the requirements under the measures. If the measures require country-of-origin information in RFID tags, they must apply in the same way to like products, and they must not cause unnecessary inconveniences or unreasonable cost. If the measures deal with containers in international transit, they must be reasonable, consider the conditions of the traffic, and guarantee transit through the most convenient routes for international transit.

A container control measure designed to restrict the flow of fissionable materials or their derivative materials, traffic in arms, ammunition, and implements of war, or traffic in military supply goods and materials may be justified, even if it violates some of the GATT rules. In addition, a measure established in time of war or other emergency in international relations or based on the United Nations Charter and designed to maintain international peace and security can also be justified. As a last resort, WTO members may request a waiver from GATT and TBT Agreement obligations for container control measures that include RFID.

Superpowers must be careful not to use RFID to practice power politics and create regulations to deal with national security and anti-terrorism issues that do not conform to international law. The key question is how to maintain a balance between the two inalienable values of free trade and national security in this era of globalization, harmonization, and terrorism .

This paper aims to define a new system to facilitate obtaining reliable collaterals and guarantees for financial activities from tangible assets through a new financial instrument of “guarantee certificates”.

This system makes it possible to securitize movable/immovable assets into negotiable paper lots, namely, “guarantee certificates”. Each lot of these certificates can be used as a guarantee or collateral for any guarantee-backed activity in banks or other activities.

The mortgage securitization system (MSS) securitizes tangible assets and provides necessary collaterals and guarantees to be used for different purposes. The operations are carried out through notary offices. This system, as a complementary system of the Rastin Banking system, can also be executed separately.

The system is novel and needs to be more elaborated for further practical development and adjustment. Although this paper deals with only securitization of tangible assets, research can also be extended to securitization of intangible assets, through new institutions and rules.

Many properties and assets can be used as guarantees for observing obligations. The available ways for changing (especially large) properties into small guarantees are not easy and efficient. The MSS was designed to break large assets into many guarantee (certificate) lots and reduce the formalities of mortgaging and its transfer.

This system provides reliance and security upon collaterals and conditions for fast claim-clearing and low formalities without time-consuming adjudication processes.

Complementary systems in Rastin Banking have been designed to solve prevailing problems of banking and financial activities. The MSS was designed to provide necessary arrangements for transforming assets into negotiable papers.

A multiple choice questionnaire was submitted to medical technologists in three medical laboratories, at varying times after obtaining an EN 45001 accreditation. A large majority (85‐90 per cent) considered that their workload was increased by the accreditation process. In two laboratories, the technologists did not think that the accreditation process had improved the quality of the results. The major advantages were the fact that everything was traceable, that the technologists felt more sure about the procedures to follow, received more responsibilities and had a better knowledge of the tests they performed. The major disadvantages were the increased paperwork, discrepancies between the procedures and the reality, the fact that more attention is paid to the formalities than to the quality of the results and that the accreditation process decreased the adaptability. The number of advantages mentioned seemed to increase with the interval since the accreditation. A small majority of the technologists preferred working in an accredited laboratory than in a non accredited one.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize issues related to head nurses’ decision making when managing ethical dilemmas.

The study is qualitative descriptive, in which researchers stay close to the data. The data were collected in the format of unstructured written reflections. Inductive conventional latent qualitative content analysis was applied to the data.

The issues of head nurses’ management of decision making in ethical dilemmas relate to the following aspects: taking risks in deviating from the formalities, balancing power and humaneness, maintaining the professional hierarchy, managing resistance to change, managing with limited options, and experiencing the decline of nurse’s professional and/or human dignity.

Reflections in written form were preferred to semi-structured interviews and the researchers were unable to contact the participants directly and to ask additional questions. All the reflections were produced in a language other than English.

The issues of head nurses’ management of decision making in ethical dilemmas reveal the gap between societal expectations and the opportunities to improve nursing leadership in health care organizations.

The issues of head nurses’ decision making when managing ethical dilemmas are related to contexts that reflect the attitudes of society and health care system toward nursing management.

The study adds to the understanding of issues of the management of decision making in ethical dilemmas. It is an ongoing systematic process that encourages head nurses to learn from practice and manage the quality of care by empowering themselves and nurses to take responsibility for leadership.

Libraries tend to make assumptions about copyright. The assumption is that any work published since 1923 has copyright protection. This article is about how to discover key facts about the copyright status of a work using Copyright Office publications and the records of the Copyright Office itself. One question for libraries is whether it is worth the time and trouble to check the Copyright Office records. This depends both on the value of pursuing particular projects, and on how likely it is that a particular type of work fell into public domain through some failure to comply with all the legal formalities. A few preliminary statistics are provided.

The objective of this study is to investigate how country risk, different political actions from the government and bureaucratic behavior influence the activities in industry supply chains (SCs) in emerging markets. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of these external stakeholders’ elements to the demand-side and supply-side drivers and barriers for improving competitiveness of Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry in the way of analyzing supply chain. Considering the phenomenon of recent change in the RMG business environment and the competitiveness issues this study uses the principles of stakeholder and resource dependence theory and aims to find out some factors which influence to make an efficient supply chain for improving competitiveness. The RMG industry of Bangladesh is the case application of this study. Following a positivist paradigm, this study adopts a two phase sequential mixed-method research design consisting of qualitative and quantitative approaches. A tentative research model is developed first based on extensive literature review. Qualitative field study is then carried out to fine tune the initial research model. Findings from the qualitative method are also used to develop measures and instruments for the next phase of quantitative method. A survey is carried out with sample of top and middle level executives of different garment companies of Dhaka city in Bangladesh and the collected quantitative data are analyzed by partial least square-based structural equation modeling. The findings support eight hypotheses. From the analysis the external stakeholders’ elements like bureaucratic behavior and country risk have significant influence to the barriers. From the internal stakeholders’ point of view the manufacturers’ and buyers’ drivers have significant influence on the competitiveness. Therefore, stakeholders need to take proper action to reduce the barriers and increase the drivers, as the drivers have positive influence to improve competitiveness.

This study has both theoretical and practical contributions. This study represents an important contribution to the theory by integrating two theoretical perceptions to identify factors of the RMG industry’s SC that affect the competitiveness of the RMG industry. This research study contributes to the understanding of both external and internal stakeholders of national and international perspectives in the RMG (textile and clothing) business. It combines the insights of stakeholder and resource dependence theories along with the concept of the SC in improving effectiveness. In a practical sense, this study certainly contributes to the Bangladeshi RMG industry. In accordance with the desire of the RMG manufacturers, the research has shown that some influential constructs of the RMG industry’s SC affect the competitiveness of the RMG industry. The outcome of the study is useful for various stakeholders of the Bangladeshi RMG industry sector ranging from the government to various private organizations. The applications of this study are extendable through further adaptation in other industries and various geographic contexts.

Knight's Industrial Law Reports goes into a new style and format as Managerial Law This issue of KILR is restyled Managerial Law and it now appears on a continuous updating basis rather than as a monthly routine affair.