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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent public health issue impacting women’s physical and mental health and psychosocial walks of life across cultures and societies. Despite this, many women continue to stay in such relationships. This study aims to examine, from a constructionist perspective, why women stay in abusive marriages and what factors prevent them from taking appropriate actions. Also, women’s experiences of surviving IPV were explored.

Using a descriptive qualitative research method, the authors recruited and interviewed 17 women from northern India. The data were analysed thematically.

The underlying themes that emerged in response to the research questions were the lack of family support, societal ideals, the culture of normalizing violence, fear, love and hope and emotional turmoil. The reason for women not to leave abusive marriages corresponds to the broader social constructions of marriage and women’s perceived positions in family and society.

Research on women’s decision to stay in abusive relationships is limited, especially from the Global South. This study generates fresh evidence on the subject matter, specifically from the Indian context. The study result contributes uniquely by approaching the problem of staying in an abusive relationship from a social constructionist perspective. This study has implications for policy and psychosocial interventions to bring progressive changes in the lives of women experiencing IPV.

This paper aims to focus on the optimisation of dyeing recipe for dyeing of silk fabric with semisynthetic azo dyes synthesised by chemical modification of areca nut extract.

The response surface model (Box–Behnken design) was used to establish the relation between the parameters of dyeing such as time, temperature and material to liquor ratio. Their output responses in terms of colour strength (K/S values) are reported. Their relationship was tested for predictability and the experimental values and found to match closely, which confirms the model suitability.

Dyed fabrics were tested for their fastness properties such as wash, rub and lightfastness. The results of the fastness tests indicate that modified dyes have good dyeability towards silk fabric. The dyed fabrics were also tested for ultraviolet protection factor and antimicrobial activity, which showed very promising results.

Banned amine testing was done, which confirms the absence of banned amine in synthesised dyes, which indicates the potential of its sustainability. Also, such an approach of modification of natural dyes as semi-synthetic dyes can be surely considered to be a step towards its widespread acceptability and further commercialisation.

To analyze the performance of multistate cloud computing transition system through the various reliability measures is the purpose of this paper.

In this article, a mathematical model for a multistate cloud computing transition system with various types of failures has been analyzed by using the Markov process, supplementary variable technique and Laplace transformation.

Various reliability measures such that reliability, availability, mean time to failure (MTTF), mean time to repair and cost analysis have also been analyzed. This article presents some geographic illustrations for the practical utility of the model.

The authors developed a mathematical model to analyze the reliability of the cloud computing transition system by considering the possible failures.

A correspondent writes: Anyone in search of a dramatic illustration of the effects of corrosion and neglect need look no further than the illustrations reproduced on this page. A recent issue of a leading Calcutta daily English‐language paper featured a story on the deep‐sea trawlers Kalyani IV and V. The incredibly bad state of repair of the vessels is illustrated by the photograph (by courtesy of the Statesman) of the condition of the steel floor of the captain's cabin of of the Kalyani V and is confirmed by your correspondent who visited the government shipyard carrying out the repairs. One wonders where, in fact, the captain resided or how the obvious inroads of corrosion could have been ignored. The corrosion, largely, was caused by escaping fluid from the cooling system.

The main objective of this paper is to study the optimal system for series systems with mixed standby (including cold standby, warm standby and hot standby) components.

The paper deals with the reliability and availability characteristics of four different series system configurations. The failure time of the operative, hot standby and warm standby are assumed to be exponentially distributed with parameters λ, λ, and α respectively. The repair time distribution of each server is also exponentially distributed with parameter μ.

The mean time to failure, MTTF_i, and the steady‐state availability A_i(∞) for four configurations are examined and comparisons made. For all four configurations, the configurations are ranked based on: MTTF_i, A_i(∞), and C_i/B_i where B_i is either MTTF_i or A_i(∞). Obviously, the system with height MTTF_i and A_i(∞), do not need frequent maintenance, i.e. less maintenance.

Numerical results for the cost/benefit measure have been obtained for all configurations. It is interesting to note first that the optimal configuration using the cost/MTTF_i measure is configuration 4. Next the optimal configuration using the cost/A_i(∞) measure is configuration 2.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a numerical (finite-difference) model exploring phase and group velocities of SH-wave propagation in initially stressed transversely isotropic poroelastic multi-layered composite structures and initially stressed viscoelastic-dry-sandy multi-layered composite structures in two distinct cases.

With the aid of relevant constitutive relations, the non-vanishing equations of motions for the propagation SH-wave in the considered composite structures have been derived. Haskell matrix method and finite-difference scheme are adopted to deduce velocity equation for both the cases. Stability analysis for the adopted finite-difference scheme has been carried out and the expressions for phase as well as group velocity in terms of dispersion-parameter and stability-ratio have been deduced.

Velocity equations are derived for the propagation of SH-wave in both the composite structures. The obtained results are matched with the classical results for the case of double and triple-layered composite structure along with comparative analysis. Stability analysis have been carried out to develop expressions of phase as well as group velocity in terms of dispersion-parameter and stability-ratio. The effect of wavenumber, dispersion parameter along with initial-stress, porosity, sandiness, viscoelasticity, stability ratio, associated with the said composite structures on phase, damped and group velocities of SH-wave has been unveiled.

To the best of authors’ knowledge, numerical modelling and analysis of propagation characteristics of SH-wave in multi-layered initially stressed composite structures composed of transversely isotropic poroelastic materials and viscoelastic-dry-sandy materials remain unattempted inspite of its importance and relevance in many branches of science and engineering.

The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanical behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and hybrid composites under various adverse environmental conditions. This mainly helps the researchers to overcome the obstacles that have been met when they use the materials individually and also to know the impacts of environment on them.

The GFRP and hybrid specimens are made according to the American Society for Testing and Materials standard. The specimens are then immersed in aviation turbine fuel, hydraulic fluid and concentrated sulfuric acid. The tensile strength of the specimens is then determined using the universal testing machine.

The tensile strengths of the normal specimens and the specimens subjected to various environmental conditions are determined. The results obtained for GFRP and hybrid specimens are then compared.

The researchers can extend the time intervals further for a better understanding of the strength of the composites.

Once better combinations are found out with the highest strength to weight ratio and its resistance to various adverse environmental conditions, it can be used in real-time applications.

The best hybrid combinations can be used in place of metals in future.

This is an original research and is clearly based on the experimental results, so it adds very much value to the aviation industry because strength to weight ratio is one of the major issues to be taken into consideration.

The purpose of study to this article is to analyze the Rayleigh wave propagation in an isotropic dry sandy thermoelastic half-space. Various wave characteristics, i.e wave velocity, penetration depth and temperature have been derived and represented graphically. The generalized secular equation and classical dispersion equation of Rayleigh wave is obtained in a compact form.

The present article deals with the propagation of Rayleigh surface wave in a homogeneous, dry sandy thermoelastic half-space. The dispersion equation for the proposed model is derived in closed form and computed analytically. The velocity of Rayleigh surface wave is discussed through graphs. Phase velocity and penetration depth of generated quasi P, quasi SH wave, and thermal mode wave is computed mathematically and analyzed graphically. To illustrate the analytical developments, some particular cases are deliberated, which agrees with the classical equation of Rayleigh waves.

The dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves in the presence of thermal conductivity for a dry sandy thermoelastic medium has been derived. The dry sandiness parameter plays an effective role in thermoelastic media, especially with respect to the reference temperature for η = 0.6,0.8,1. The significant difference in η changes a lot in thermal parameters that are obvious from graphs. The penetration depth and phase velocity for generated quasi-wave is deduced due to the propagation of Rayleigh wave. The generalized secular equation and classical dispersion equation of Rayleigh wave is obtained in a compact form.

Rayleigh surface wave propagation in dry sandy thermoelastic medium has not been attempted so far. In the present investigation, the propagation of Rayleigh waves in dry sandy thermoelastic half-space has been considered. This study will find its applications in the design of surface acoustic wave devices, earthquake engineering structural mechanics and damages in the characterization of materials.

Bats provide many ecosystem services and have intrinsic value. They also act as host reservoirs for some viruses. Several studies have linked zoonotic diseases to bats, raising questions about the risks bats pose, especially to people living close to bat roosts. Through a series of case studies undertaken in three communities, the purpose of this paper is to explore the various ways in which framings and perceptions of bats can influence a potential spillover of bat-borne viruses to humans in Ghana. It assesses the social, cultural and economic factors that drive human-bat interactions and posits that understanding the socio-economic contexts in which human-bat interactions occur is key to the success of future communication strategies.

Primary data collection methods included participatory landscape mappings, transect walks, focus group discussions and questionnaire surveys.

Perceptions of bats vary and are influenced by personal beliefs, the perceived economic benefits derived from bats and the location of bat roosts. Activities that put people at risk include bat hunting, butchering and consumption of poorly prepared bat meat. Those who live and work close to bat roosts, and bat hunters, for example, are more at risk of bat-borne zoonotic disease spillover. Disease risk perceptions were generally low, with high levels of uncertainty, indicating the need for clearer information about personal protective practices.

The results of the study may well inform future risk communication strategies as well as help in developing effective responses to zoonotic disease risk, disease outbreaks and the conservation of bats in communities.

The development of digital inclusive finance (DIF) has increased households' financial investments and consumption. However, few studies have considered whether DIF strengthens the substitution of household financial investment for consumption behavior. To clarify the relationship between DIF, household financial investment and household consumption behavior, the authors combine matched data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and Peking University Digital Inclusive Finance Index (2011–2018) to explore the impact of DIF on household financial substitution. This study aims to discuss the aforementioned objectives.

This study's empirical analysis applies ordinary least squares (OLS) to answer how DIF affects household financial investment substitution for consumption. This study uses three approaches to examine the robustness of the benchmark regression model. These three approaches are replacing the core explanatory variables, using the lagged Digital Inclusive Finance Index and using the data of additional years. This article also assesses endogeneity by applying the instrumental variable method.

The results indicate that DIF significantly enhances household financial substitution. This article also assesses endogeneity by applying the instrumental variable method and robustness test methods. The impact mechanism test shows that DIF positively affects household financial substitution, by improving information dissemination efficiency and enhancing financial participation. Further research finds that the impact of DIF on household financial substitution is more pronounced in households with low to moderate savings rates, low to average income households and homes without family members who start their businesses.

This study analyzed the effect and mediating mechanisms of digital financial inclusion on household financial substitution. Like all studies, the research had some limitations. First, due to differences in culture and infrastructure development, people do not understand and judge economic behaviors, such as household financial investment and consumption, in the same way. It can lead to certain biases in their understanding and study responses. Second, the study is mainly based on data from China. Future studies should be extended to foreign countries for comparative analysis. Third, the development of DIF has not yet completed a full cycle, and many problems have not been fully identified.

This study provides some practical implication. First, the public sectors should effectively weigh the spending relationship between household financial investment and consumption. Second, the public sector should focus on the policy optimization and consistency of DIF. The public sector should both enhance the breadth of coverage and depth of impact of DIF and focus on long-tail groups to fully reflect the equity and inclusiveness of DIF.

This study responds to the discussion on the relationship between financial investment, saving and consumption games in household expenditures and enhances our understanding of how DIF affects households' complex economic behavior. The most revealing finding is that DIF reinforces the substitution of household financial investment for household consumption. DIF positively affects household financial substitution by improving the efficiency of information dissemination and increasing financial participation, which is a valid extension of the study on the mechanisms of information dissemination and financial participation in financial investment and consumption proposed.