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The aim of this study is to identify the travel constraints of people with special needs (PwSN) and the strategies used to overcome them. The article also intends to analyze the differences in travel constraints and negotiation strategies according to the type of disability and/or special need.

A qualitative study was conducted in which a sample of PwSN (people with disabilities – mobility, sensory and cognitive – seniors and people with food allergies) were interviewed in depth.

PwSN face a wide range of constraints when engaging in tourism activities. These constraints are very diverse and influence people with different intensity and have to be overcome using different negotiation strategies. However, differences in the constraints were observed according to the type of special needs.

One of the most significant practical implications of this research is the need for raising awareness regarding human diversity among tourism stakeholders. It is critical to link sectoral policies that are reflected in the social and business reality, creating public–private partnerships to raise the sharing of knowledge, equipment and services. By addressing the constraints that prevent PwSN from traveling, the tourism sector can create more opportunities for them to participate in social activities, improving their quality of life and contributing to a more sustainable and inclusive industry.

Traveling can present significant challenges for people with special needs, which affect the quality of their tourism experience. Despite growing academic attention to this issue in recent years, research in this field has primarily focused on specific aspects of disability. This study seeks not only to identify the barriers to travel faced by people with different special needs but also to explore the negotiation strategies used to overcome these barriers and the differences according to the type of special need.

People with autism and their families struggle with travel because of its complexity. This study aims to promote travel participation by exploring the travel needs and patterns of people with autism and their families.

A total of 28 participants were interviewed. Data were analyzed via constructivist grounded theory.

People with autism and their families displayed five travel patterns: mutual support, relatives’ visitation, independent travel, expanded socialization and package tours. These patterns were adopted in a stepwise fashion as the autistic individuals’ abilities improved. The travel challenges and support needs of Chinese autistic people and their families were identified.

The findings can inform accessibility tourism, promote an understanding of autistic people’s tourism activities among the public and industry marketers and offer strategic guidance about family travel for this population.

This effort responds to a call to investigate disability-related issues. The study evaluated the travel behavior of people with autism and their families, from a developmental perspective, presenting a new angle in research on accessibility tourism.

To cater to the senior tourist market, it is essential to comprehend the factors motivating and deterring them from international travel post-COVID-19. This study aims to focus on senior citizens’ destination choice intentions and aims to develop a model that prioritizes positive and negative factors leading to international travel destination choices. It uses push–pull factors, perceived travel risks (PTRs) and perceived travel constraints (PTCs).

Decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS) are two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques used to identify connections between variables and determine their relative importance in the decision-making model.

DEMATEL found push and pull factors are “effects” while PTCs and PTRs are “causes” affecting senior citizens’ destination choices. Push factors and PTCs have a greater impact than pull factors and PTRs. Fuzzy TOPSIS highlighted “improving health and wellness” and “self-fulfillment and spirituality” as key push factors, “health safety and security quotient” as the most important pull factor, and “interpersonal constraints” as the most critical PTC. Finally, “health risks” is the top PTR.

This paper adds to the tourism literature by looking at the relationship between senior tourists’ motivation, PTRs and PTCs and showing how the subfactors affect their choice of destination rank. The data analysis techniques used in this study are also novel, having never been used before in senior tourism research. Finally, even though there is a lot of research on senior tourism, not much is known about how Indian senior tourists act. In light of this study’s findings, practical recommendations were offered to tourism stakeholders worldwide, interested in tapping into the market of Indian outbound senior tourists or repositioning product or destination offerings to take this promising market or similar markets into account.

为了成功迎合蓬勃发展的老年旅游市场, 了解激励和阻止老年人国际旅行的因素尤为重要, 尤其是在 COVID-19 之后。本研究侧重于老年人的目的地选择意向, 并基于推拉因素、感知旅行风险 (PTR) 和感知旅行限制 (PTC), 旨在开发影响老年人国际旅游目的地选择的积极和消极因素的模型。

决策试验和评估实验室 (DEMATEL), 和与理想解决方案相似度的模糊偏好顺序 (Fuzzy TOPSIS) 是两种多标准决策 (MCDM) 技术, 用于识别变量之间的联系并找出它们在决策模型中的相对重要性。

DEMATEL的结果表明, 推力和拉力因素是“影响”, 而感知旅行约束（PTC）和感知旅行风险（PTR）是影响老年人目的地选择意愿的因素中的“原因”。推动因素和 PTC 比拉动因素和 PTR 发挥更重要的作用。 Fuzzy TOPSIS分析结果表明, “改善健康”和“自我实现和精神”是推动因素下最重要的因素。此外, 目的地的“健康安全商数”是拉动因素中最重要的, “人际约束”是PTC中最重要的。最后, 研究结果表明, “健康风险”是 PTR 中最重要的。

本文通过评估旅游动机、PTR 和老年游客 PTC 之间的相互关系, 为现有的旅游文献做出了贡献。此外, 该研究展示了影响老年游客目的地选择意愿的因素中各个子因素的比较优先级。本研究中使用的数据分析技术也很新颖, 以前从未在老年人旅游研究中使用过。最后, 虽然对老年旅游有丰富的研究, 但印度老年旅游者的行为相对不为人知。研究结果向有兴趣进入印度出境老年游客市场或重新定位产品或目的地的全球旅游利益相关者提供了切实可行的建议, 以考虑这个有前景的市场或类似市场。

Para atender a un mercado turístico de la tercera edad, es esencial comprender los factores que les motivan y les disuaden de realizar viajes internacionales tras el COVID-19. Este estudio se centra en las intenciones de elección de destino de las personas mayores y pretende desarrollar un modelo que priorice los factores positivos y negativos que conducen a la elección de un destino de viaje internacional. Utiliza los factores push-pull, los riesgos de viaje percibidos (PTR) y las limitaciones de viaje percibidas (PTC).

Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) y Fuzzy Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS) son dos técnicas de toma de decisiones multicriterio (MCDM) utilizadas para identificar las conexiones entre variables y determinar su importancia relativa en el modelo de toma de decisiones.

DEMATEL descubrió que los factores de empuje y atracción son “efectos,” mientras que las PTC y las PTR son “causas” que afectan a las elecciones de destino de las personas mayores. Los factores de empuje y los PTC tienen un mayor impacto que los factores de atracción y los PTR. El Fuzzy TOPSIS destacó la “mejora de la salud y el bienestar” y la “autorrealización y espiritualidad” como factores de empuje clave, el “cociente de seguridad y protección de la salud” como el factor de atracción más importante y las “limitaciones interpersonales” como el PTC más crítico. Por último, los “riesgos para la salud” son el principal PTR.

Este artículo se suma a la literatura turística al estudiar la relación entre la motivación de los turistas sénior, los PTR y los PTC y mostrar cómo afectan los subfactores a su elección del destino. Las técnicas de análisis de datos empleadas en este estudio también son novedosas, ya que nunca se habían utilizado en la investigación sobre el turismo senior. Por último, aunque existen muchas investigaciones sobre el turismo sénior, el comportamiento de los turistas de la tercera edad en la India es relativamente desconocido. A la luz de los resultados del estudio, se ofrecen recomendaciones prácticas a las partes interesadas en el turismo de todo el mundo, interesadas en aprovechar el mercado de los turistas senior indios emisores o en reposicionar la oferta de productos o destinos para tener en cuenta este prometedor mercado o mercados similares.

Solo travelling has been one of the rising types of travelling, especially after the pandemic. This study is focused on solo female travellers and aims to present a comprehensive literature review on solo travelling. For this aim, a detailed literature review is performed. The significance of this study lies in the recent developments in countries like Iran regarding women's rights, and it needs to be understood that women are powerful, and they can prove that by travelling solo. This study is aimed to contribute to women's empowerment because it is important to set various examples and pave the way for the next generations towards a more free, enlightened, conscious and modern future. As a segment, solo female travellers need to be characterised in terms of their demographics and motivations for solo travelling, and destinations should take precautions for their safety and security to be represented and promoted as a safe and modern location where the freedom of each individual is secured.

As the world is becoming more volatile and uncertain, organizations face much complexity in their daily operations. Further, there is a much ambiguity in business operations to achieve the effective utilization of resources. The work optimizes a novel constraint programming model approach of the utilization of shuttle services vehicle while considering cost savings, employee wellbeing and other real an Information Technology enabled service (ITES) industry constraints.

The present work considers a novel extension of the vehicle routing problem related to the shuttle service operation in an ITES industry in VUCA context. Additionally, the model considers the women safety aspects, which engages the company to provide a security guard for women employees in the night shift.

Numerical experiments were conducted on real instances data of ITES industrial partner. The results show that the vehicle utilization increased from 75% up to 96% while ensuring in parallel the wellbeing of employees and women safety during the night shift. Finally, the proposed model is converted to a decision support application allowing ITES partner to plan employees shuttle service operations efficiently.

Study has evaluated the shuttle services optimization for ITES industry using data from industrial which makes it a unique contribution to literature in shuttle operations. Further, the study used constraint programming to evaluate the vehicle utilization and security allocation, thereby introducing new parameter on security allocation in open VRP problem.

This study aims to explore the heterogeneity of the tourist market for people with a physical disability (PwPD) based on travel barriers, to serve them better, from a tourism marketing perspective.

A market segmentation analysis was conducted on a sample of 480 PwPD in Sichuan Province, China, based on their perceived travel barriers. Data were obtained through three on-site and four online surveys. A four-step factor-item mixed segmentation, including factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and chi-square tests, was applied to examine the differences among PwPD tourist market segments in terms of various demographic characteristics, disability conditions (e.g. duration of disabilities and causes of impairment) and travel features (e.g. travel frequency and tourist destinations).

This study revealed that the PwPD tourist market is heterogeneous due to individual perceived travel barriers. Three market segments were identified, namely, the Explorer Moderates group, the Explorer Minimals group and the Explorer Intensives group. Additionally, the three market segments were found to have significant differences in terms of travel barriers, demographic characteristics, travel features and disability conditions.

This research provides suggestions for authorities and private entities to optimize the layout of accessible facilities in public areas for the benefit of all. It also offers crucial implications for tourism marketers to determine the key facets of marketing, for travel organizers to evolve the organization of travel groups for PwPD, and for practitioners to provide personalized tourism services.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to apply perceived travel barriers as a market segmentation criterion in understanding PwPD as a heterogeneous travel market. The findings of this study initially expand the scope of application of the travel barrier model and deepen understanding of the Chinese PwPD tourist market from a marketing perspective. The study results elucidated the heterogeneity and characteristics of this market through a four-step factor-item mixed segmentation approach, offering new insights into the behaviors and experiences of travelers with disabilities.

本研究旨在探索肢体残障人士旅游市场的异质性, 以便从旅游营销的角度更好地为他们服务。

基于对中国四川480名肢残人士出游障碍感知的问卷调查, 探索了肢残人士的旅游市场细分。数据是通过七次现场和在线调查获得; 采用四步因子-项目混合细分法, 根据残障状况、人口统计特征和旅游特征, 识别出肢残群体旅游细分市场之间的差异。

研究发现, 基于个体感知的出游障碍, 肢残群体旅游市场是异质的, 研究确定了三个细分市场, 即低度、中度和高度受限群体。三个细分市场在出行障碍、人口特征、出游特征和残障状况方面存在显著差异。

这项研究有助于政府管理部门优化公共区域无障碍设施布局; 旅游营销者确定营销的重点, 并为旅游组织者设计肢残旅游团体成员构成, 以及从业者提供个性化旅游服务提供重要的启示。

论文首次将感知出游障碍作为市场细分标准, 用以理解肢残群体作为异质游客市场。本研究的发现拓展了出游障碍模型的应用范围, 并从市场营销的角度加深了对中国肢残游客市场的理解。研究结果通过四步因子-项目混合细分方法阐明了该市场的异质性和特点, 为肢残游客的行为和体验研究提供了新见解。

Este estudio explora la heterogeneidad del mercado turístico de las personas con discapacidad física (PcDF) en función de las barreras percibidas para viajar, con el fin de prestarles un mejor servicio desde una perspectiva de marketing turístico.

Se realizó un análisis de segmentación de mercado en una muestra de 480 PcDF en Sichuan, China, en función de las barreras que percibían para viajar. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de tres encuestas in situ y cuatro encuestas en línea. Se aplicó una segmentación mixta factor-ítem de cuatro pasos que incluye análisis factorial, análisis de conglomerados, análisis discriminante y pruebas de chi-cuadrado para examinar las diferencias entre los segmentos del mercado turístico de PcDF, en términos de diversas características demográficas, condiciones de discapacidad (por ejemplo, duración de la discapacidad, causas de la discapacidad) y características de los viajes (por ejemplo, frecuencia de viaje, destinos turísticos).

Este estudio reveló que el mercado turístico de las PcDF es heterogéneo debido a las barreras de viaje percibidas por cada individuo. Se identificaron tres segmentos de mercado, a saber, el grupo de Exploradores Moderados, el grupo de Exploradores Mínimos y el grupo de Exploradores Intensivos. Los tres segmentos de mercado presentaban diferencias significativas en cuanto a las barreras para viajar, las características demográficas, las características del viaje y las condiciones de discapacidad.

Este estudio es el primero en aplicar las barreras percibidas para viajar como criterio de segmentación de mercado para comprender a las PcDF como un mercado turístico heterogéneo. Los hallazgos de este estudio amplían inicialmente el ámbito de aplicación del modelo de barreras para viajar y profundizan en la comprensión del mercado turístico chino de PcDF desde una perspectiva de marketing. Los resultados de nuestro estudio explicaron la heterogeneidad y las características de este mercado a través de un enfoque de segmentación mixta factor-ítem de cuatro pasos, contribuyendo a la literatura sobre el comportamiento y las experiencias de los viajeros con discapacidad.

Esta investigación proporciona sugerencias para que las autoridades y las entidades privadas puedan optimizar la disposición de instalaciones accesibles en zonas públicas en beneficio de todos. También ofrece implicaciones importantes a los comercializadores turísticos para que determinen aspectos clave del marketing, a los organizadores de viajes para que evolucionen en la organización de grupos de viaje para PcDF y a los profesionales para que presten servicios turísticos personalizados.

This study aims to understand how female executive travellers should be characterized by inter-winning socio-economic segmentation and leisure travel motivation.

This study identifies push factors as a motivation for leisure travel among female executives in India. Quantitative research methodology was applied based on 892 online responses to a questionnaire. Principal component analysis was applied to identify the underlying dimensions of push motivational items.

The findings disclose five-factor dimensions of self-esteem; knowledge- and novelty-seeking; stimulus; escape; and self-recognition. Among the five identified dimensions, stimulus was the most important factor for motivating female executives to travel for leisure, followed by knowledge and novelty-seeking.

This study was conducted on 1,100 female executive travellers, meaning the results are only valid for this cultural context. All data was collected through a referral chain network survey among female executives via Google survey forms. While segmenting types of travellers amongst females, usage of push motivation framework as a variable remains pervasive in tourism research.

Although literature on female travel motivation is abundant, however, to the authors’ knowledge, empirical studies that focus on female executives leisure travel motivations are still rare. These findings are, therefore, valuable for illuminating tourism stakeholders to cater this potential segment more customisedly.

This study aims to highlight the importance of using attribution theory in metaverse tourism research. The study addresses the lack of clarity regarding the attribution theory’s dimensions (locus, stability, controllability) potential application in the metaverse tourism context.

This study uses a comprehensive exploration of the research gap by searching top-tier journals in Scopus and Web of Science databases about the relevant literature to analyze relevant data to provide a foundation for future transformative research. The study examines the relationship between attribution theory and metaverse tourism and explores how attribution theory can inform the understanding of tourists’ judgments and actions in the metaverse context.

The study shows that attribution theory has the potential to significantly improve the understanding of metaverse tourism by illuminating tourists’ decision-making processes and the factors contributing to those decisions. The study highlights the importance of applying attribution theory to generate more impactful and reliable implications for the tourism industry.

This study is transformative because it provides a foundational understanding of the application of attribution theory in metaverse tourism research. The study is significant because it sheds light on an underexplored area where the theoretical framework is necessary to inform and guide tourism technology research. The study’s originality lies in its contribution to tourism by identifying room for improvement in metaverse tourism research and highlighting the potential benefits of using attribution theory.

本研究通过在Scopus和Web of Science数据库中搜索相关文献的顶级期刊, 对研究空白进行了全面探索, 以分析相关数据, 为未来的变革性研究提供基础。本研究考察了归因理论与元宇宙旅游之间的关系, 并探讨了归因理论如何在元宇宙背景下为理解游客的判断和行为提供信息。

本研究强调了归因理论在元宇宙旅游研究中的重要性。该研究解决了归因理论在元宇宙旅游背景下的潜在应用维度（轨迹、稳定性、可控性）缺乏明确性的问题。

研究表明, 归因理论有可能通过阐明游客的决策过程和促成这些决策的因素, 显著提高对元宇宙旅游的理解。该研究强调了应用归因理论对旅游业产生更具影响力和可靠性的影响的重要性。

本研究具有变革性, 因为它为归因理论在元宇宙旅游研究中的应用提供了基础性的理解。这项研究意义重大, 因为它揭示了一个研究不足的领域。在此领域, 理论框架是为旅游技术研究提供信息和指导所必需的。本研究的独创性在于它对旅游业的贡献, 它确定了元宇宙旅游研究的改进空间, 并强调了利用归因理论的潜在好处。

Este estudio se basa en una exploración exhaustiva de la brecha de investigación mediante la búsqueda de revistas de primer nivel en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science sobre la literatura relevante para analizar los datos relevantes con el fin de proporcionar una base para futuras investigaciones transformadoras. El estudio examina la relación entre la teoría de la atribución y el metaverso turístico y explora cómo la teoría de la atribución puede facilitar la comprensión de las evaluaciones y acciones de los turistas en el contexto metaverso.

Este estudio pone de relieve la importancia de utilizar la teoría de la atribución en la investigación turística en metaverso. El estudio aborda la falta de claridad sobre las dimensiones de la teoría de la atribución (lugar de causalidad, estabilidad y, controlabilidad) y su posible aplicación en el contexto del turismo en metaverso.

El estudio muestra que la teoría de la atribución tiene el potencial de mejorar de forma significativa la comprensión del metaverso turístico al esclarecer los procesos de toma de decisiones de los turistas y los factores que contribuyen a dichas decisiones. El estudio destaca la importancia de aplicar la teoría de la atribución para generar implicaciones más impactantes y fiables para la industria turística.

Este estudio es transformador porque proporciona una comprensión fundacional de la aplicación de la teoría de la atribución en la investigación del metaverso turístico. El estudio es significativo porque arroja luz sobre un ámbito poco explorado cuyo marco teórico es necesario para informar y orientar la investigación sobre tecnología turística. La originalidad del estudio radica en su contribución al turismo al identificar las posibilidades de mejora en la investigación del metaverso turístico y destacar los beneficios potenciales de la utilización de la teoría de la atribución.

This paper aims to investigate, upon taking into consideration both symmetric and asymmetric effects, how the economic and psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, solidarity and future anxiety affect travel intention and the willingness to support a destination (WSD). Furthermore, the study sheds light on whether these relationships vary between domestic and international destinations.

The data are collected from 379 potential tourists. To detect and analyze the symmetrical and asymmetric effects, the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) are employed, respectively.

It is observed that, whereas only the effects of solidarity on travel intention and WSD differ in the CB-SEM, the fsQCA results include different recipes for the two groups.

There has not been much research done yet on the influence of future anxiety on tourists' decisions. Furthermore, it has not been thoroughly investigated whether solidarity has a different function for destinations within and outside of the country. In this respect, the study of both symmetric and asymmetric effects represents an important contribution to the literature.