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This paper aims to examine the marketing strategies designed by three innovative early 1900s food companies. It traces the coordination of these businesses’ research funding, advertising, direct mail and promotional tactics to show how they intersected and impacted consumers and health professionals in the period when scientists were first able to quantify the relationship between good health and food. The paper analyzes internal company documents, advertisements and marketing materials from Knox Gelatine, Borden and Sunkist.

Research for this paper benefited from the author’s unlimited access to the private documents of the Knox Gelatine Company and its executives. These documents were analyzed chronologically and thematically. They chronicled the company’s attempts to influence the medical world and the ways it cultivated home economists. The paper also used publicly available digitized documents from Sunkist and Borden. The paper would benefit from further detailed analysis of these documents to parse Knox’s targeting by race and ethnicity.

In the 1920s, Knox, Borden and Sunkist developed a marketing strategy which leveraged a new class of experts – the hundreds of thousands of medical professionals, home economists, teachers and government agents who advised American women. By distributing specific laboratory research on the nutritional benefits of their products to this emerging class of health professionals and the consumers who trusted them, these companies developed relationships with opinion leaders designed specifically to influence product sales.

This research benefited from access to the private documents of Knox Gelatine Company which divulge the company’s attempts to influence the medical world and cultivate home economists. The paper would benefit from further analysis of these documents to parse the company’s targeting by race and ethnicity as well as a deeper comparison to companies that tried to work with health professionals unsuccessfully and companies that adopted this tactic in the household products or tobacco area. Opportunities also exist to do a fuller analysis of variations in food marketing by rural versus urban as well as race.

By reconstructing the sequencing and content of these three companies’ 1920s marketing strategies, this research uncovers a form of early 20th century food marketing directed at health and science professionals which has been neglected in advertising histories.

“We’re watching the wiring of the cerebral cortex of society”, said Jay Walker, founder and vice‐chairman of priceline.com, of the new Internet revolution. “It is dramatically transforming communication and marketing models; it is providing marketers with a new set of capabilities.” But with new capabilities come casualties; Jay Walker cautions that advertising will disappear on the Net, “It may take two or ten years, but it will disappear.” Walker’s hypothesis is borne out by the latest research findings from Roper Starch. In its latest report it identifies the “The advertising‐free zone brought to you by (fill in the brand)” phenomenon. Roper Starch predict “ad‐free zones will be popping up on the Internet soon, a reflection of consumers’ increasing antipathy towards advertising”. This paper examines the opportunities for effective online marketing that go beyond the now omnipresent banner advertisements, and provides guidelines for marketers as to how to harness the “new set of capabilities” through planning and evaluation. The paper has relevance to those involved with public relations in a marketing context (often called marketing PR), and those interested in planning and evaluating online communications campaigns.

Shows how children often reject some products which aimed at them, and how marketers can avoid this by adopting a more schematic approach in communicating with children, since the consistency of children’s reactions points to a basic pattern or scheme in their evaluation of communications or products. Gives examples of products which are well or badly packaged from a child’s point of view, and emphasises the importance of stereotypes, colour and age fit, also the relevance of national differences: thus, a series of bear images, colours and typographies associated with a product (Schoko) is illustrated which shows differences between German and British children’s reactions, as well as preferences of different age groups.

Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.

This paper seeks to investigate the impact of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) on the commercial value of fruit produced by navel orange trees.

Data are counts of fruit of various sizes and quality harvested from a tree in a year. The counted fruit are converted to a dollar value using a standardized pricing matrix and then normalized as a ratio of the tree value compared to trees in the same orchard and year that were free of virus. Statistical tests determine if trees at various stages of infection have different production values than virus‐free trees.

On average, trees infected with CTV have higher fruit production values than trees that did not contract the virus, after compensating for climate and location differences, even though the presence or absence of CTV explains only about 1 percent of the variation in production value.

Data are from commercially maintained orchards rather than a carefully controlled experiment in an isolated greenhouse environment.

Orange growers in the region should be reluctant to remove trees that have mild strains of CTV. The effects of a tree virus on production value should be a consideration in how to respond to the virus.

Development of a standardized pricing matrix to control for pricing fluctuations from year to year is a relatively novel concept. The applied concepts of tree status cohorts and relative crop values are original and provide valuable tools for combining data from different orchards and climate conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a meta leadership style, awakened leadership (AL), as the most appropriate tool for leading organizations of every nature in the twenty‐first century.

The paper chooses as its subject organizational leadership. The study presents results form verbal interviews carried out on the topic. It also presents: a literature review on existing leadership theories; an explanation and definition of AL; the elements that make up for AL, including a figure for illustration purposes; an overview of the performance of awakened leaders; and important issues for awakened leaders, including verbatim statements of the three interviewed leaders.

The study finds that: AL enables a positive work environment; AL is primarily relationship oriented, and through that, goal oriented; and awakened leaders perceive profits as a logical consequence rather than an initial goal.

Limitations to the research are that the population used for data was limited, as it consisted of only three leaders who were all located in Southern California. The interview protocol had a limited number of questions, and could therefore have left important contradictions among these leaders out of the perspective. It is suggested that applying this study on broader populations would provide a greater foundation in findings.

There are some qualities that work in leadership all the time and everywhere, and leaders could use the pointers presented in this paper as an encouraging reflection onto their practices.

In these times when all leadership sources claim that successful leadership is as dispersed as the situations and natures of followers, this paper provides a refreshing viewpoint that there are unified qualities in existence that will enhance a leader's performance, regardless of the nature of the constituents.

Planning was not always a major consideration at R. J. Reynolds. Ten years ago RJR, like most companies, had very little formal planning. However, since we first opened our doors as a small tobacco business in 1875, we've grown dramatically, becoming a somewhat curious assortment of related and unrelated businesses.

Facts and figures relating to the largest soft drinks manufacturing operation in Europe. The factory relies heavily on computer systems to facilitate all its operations and there are seven major systems for process and production plant in addition to the local control systems. Also detailed are the benefits of operating a single‐union agreement which promotes a continuous improvement in company performance as well as providing open and direct communication between all staff on site.

Reflecting on the ‘old days’—all of five or six years ago—a Chicago area supplier … sarcastically recalls how one of his big customers used to treat its suppliers. The strategy was: ‘Line 'em up and beat 'em up—until you get 'em to a point where they can't make money any more. Then you've got the best price.’ “

Examines the benefits and drawbacks of brand name extensions. Proposes a set of questions/guidelines about brand extending for marketing decision makers: new products′ sales potential, marketing cost efficiency gained by brand extending, cannibalization of parent product, and risk of losing brand effectiveness from overextension. Concludes that a more pragmatic approach to brand extension is required than the traditional, either right or wrong, categorization.