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This study aims to unpack the notion of travelling mobilities from the perspectives of an Asian solo traveller using the context of the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan.

An autoethnography was used for this research, analysing reflective notes drafted on hand-written journals over the duration of six days over three host cities of the sporting event.

Asian solo men appear to be treated very differently from their Western counterparts and solo female tourists. In addition, engaging with a sport that is highly Western-centric exposes the liminal spaces of in-between. Being of Asian appearance and conversant in Japanese further blurred the travelling mobilities of being an unlikely sports fan, an impromptu translator, a presumed local resident and an unconventional wanderer.

These limitations notwithstanding, the research has contributed to the paucity of knowledge surrounding Asian solo male tourists and some aspects of their corresponding travelling mobilities. Such nuanced understanding then inform tourism and hospitality knowledge and practice of offering relevant experiences to such a market.

This study aims to empirically investigate the antecedents of tourists’ intentions to continue solo traveling.

Drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), an extended model on solo travel intentions is developed that incorporates variables related to past solo travel experiences, namely, tourist satisfaction, pleasure and self-development. An online survey was applied to 187 solo tourists from different countries. Hypotheses were tested with structural equation modeling.

All the variables, except for subjective norms, are significant predictors of tourists’ intentions to continue solo traveling. Results confirm a good explanatory power of the extended TPB model.

Caution must be exercised with the results as tourists’ actual solo travel behavior may differ from their intentions. Future research may investigate tourists’ actual behavior by using longitudinal methods and include additional demographic variables as antecedents.

This study empirically investigated the antecedents of tourists’ intentions to continue solo traveling – an under-researched topic. Previous research is mostly exploratory and largely focuses on female solo travelers.

游客单人旅行意愿的前因研究

摘要

基于计划行为的理论, 开发了关于单人旅行意愿的扩展模型, 其中包含与过去的单人旅行经历相关的变量：游客满意度, 愉悦感和自我发展。在线调查收集了来自不同国家的187位单人游客。假设用结构方程模型进行了检验。

本研究实证调查了游客继续单人旅行意愿的原因。

除主观标准外, 所有变量都是游客继续单人旅行意图的重要预测指标。结果证实了计划行为模型扩展理论的良好解释能力。

必须谨慎对待结果, 因为游客的实际单人旅行行为可能与他们的意愿不同。未来的研究可能会使用纵向方法来调查游客的实际行为, 并将其他人口统计变量作为前因。

这项研究实证调查了游客继续单人旅行意愿的前因, 这是一个尚未得到充分研究的话题。先前的研究主要是探索性的, 并且主要针对女性单身旅行者。

单人旅行；计划行为理论，游客满意度，愉悦感，自我发展

Antecedentes de las intenciones de viaje en solitario de los turistas

Resumen

Basándose en la teoría del comportamiento planificado, se desarrolla un modelo extendido sobre las intenciones de viajar en solitario que incorpora variables relacionadas con experiencias pasadas de viajes en solitario: satisfacción del turista, placer y autodesarrollo. Se aplicó una encuesta en línea a 187 turistas en solitario de diferentes países. Las hipótesis se probaron con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales.

Este estudio investiga empíricamente los antecedentes de la intención de turistas de continuar viajando solos.

Todas las variables, excepto las normas subjetivas, son predictores significativos de la intención de los turistas de seguir viajando en solitario. Los resultados confirman un buen poder explicativo del modelo ampliado de la teoría del comportamiento planificado.

Se debe tener precaución con los resultados, ya que el comportamiento real de los turistas cuando viajan solos puede diferir de sus intenciones previas. Las investigaciones futuras pueden investigar el comportamiento real de turistas que viajan solo mediante el uso de métodos longitudinales e incluir variables demográficas adicionales como antecedentes.

Este estudio investiga empíricamente los antecedentes de la intención de los turistas de seguir viajando en solitario, un tema poco investigado. Las investigaciones anteriores son en su mayoría exploratorios y se centran principalmente en las mujeres que viajan solas.

Viaje en solitario, satisfacción del turista, placer del turista , autodesarrollo del turista , Teoría del comportamiento planificado

Revisión de literatura

This study aims to investigate the factors that impact the solo travel intentions of millennial women in rural and urban areas. By exploring these factors, this research also sheds light on the similarities and differences in travel behaviors and motivations of women in different geographical contexts within India.

Solo travel for leisure and business is increasing. It is therefore timely to conduct research into the experiences of solo tourists. This paper aims to explore one aspect of the solo tourist experience that can be challenging, that of dining alone. This topic has received little attention in the tourism or hospitality literature.

A qualitative approach was adopted and narrative inquiry was selected as the optimum route to obtain detailed and rich accounts of the experiences of solo diners. In-depth interviews of 27 solo tourists were conducted with varying socio-demographic characteristics.

This study shows that though travelling alone is prized by participants, dining alone, especially in the evening, is often discomfiting. Discomfort is caused by the perceived negative judgement of others and is mitigated by the use of various props such as books and mobile phones.

A research agenda is put forward on the aspects of the solo tourist/diner experience.

The paper concludes by asking what can be done to ameliorate the solo dining experience and provides some recommendations to hospitality operators to support this market and improve competitiveness and profitability. The paper shows that inclusive environments can attract multiple market segments and agile restaurants can develop both solo and plural dining experiences.

This paper addresses a topic that has received limited scholarly attention as well as industry engagement despite the growth in solo travel.

The purpose of this paper is to gain more insight into the phenomenon of solo travel to city destinations and attain more knowledge on the topic.

The study employed a questionnaire consisting of qualitative and quantitative items. In all, 21 individuals (12 women, 9 men) responded.

The most important reason for solo travel was their own free choice and in some cases, difficulty finding companions. Their activities at the destinations were mostly visiting attractions followed by visiting friends, shopping, walking, eating at restaurants, learning the language, working, etc. They mostly mentioned advantages but also some disadvantages with solo travelling. Their experiences, especially with the people in the host destinations, have been positive and they show overall satisfaction with their visit. A predominant share of the interviewees showed a kind of loyalty to one or more specific city destinations and wished to revisit them again and again.

The current study might have some implications for city tourism developers/destination developers, travel agencies, national or regional tourism boards and tour operators in major urban areas and cities. Especially, this study has a practical contribution to the city tourism practitioners and gives them more insight in what values, attitudes, perceptions, expectations and motivations the solo travellers might have before or while they visit their cities. The study also has implications for potential solo travellers seeking more knowledge and information on the issue.

The phenomenon of solo travel to city destinations is an unresearched topic in Sweden. This exploratory study is the first in Sweden to focus on solo travellers visiting city destinations.

People continue to become more liberated and individualised day by day. They look for ways to somehow get out of any situation that restricts them, tend to get rid of their typical holiday patterns and travel alone, without being stuck within anyone else's borders, precisely as they want. In addition, people can travel alone to discover themselves, meet different cultures, relieve stress and learn new skills. Women travel alone more than men, although they face more difficulties than men. The experiences of women solo travellers suggest that this form of travel can provide a meaningful foundation for advancing gender equality. By challenging gender roles and expectations, empowering women to assert their autonomy and agency and creating opportunities for community-building and solidarity, solo travel can help to transform social norms and promote gender equity.

This chapter aims to build a body of knowledge that will have a widespread impact based on available data on the relationship of women solo travellers to gender equality. It also examines the effects of women solo travellers on gender equality based on secondary data sources. This chapter, designed as conceptual research with descriptive analysis and document analysis, is important in revealing what the indirect gains of women solo travellers can be for gender equality, the fifth of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Sustainable Development Goals.

The paper aims to find the preferences of different tourist type. Since, COVID-19 pandemic has brought the international hospitality industry to a standstill, there are some early signs of recovery. For this industry’s long-term recovery, the tourists’ changing preferences need to be analyzed. Moreover, with different types of tourists, a more nuanced and in-depth study is required to analyze the preferences of each tourist type.

The research focuses on the changing preferences of the tourist by comparatively analyzing the pre-COVID-19 and current COVID-19 phase. The study extracted online data from TripAdvisor and identified themes by applying Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA).

The study’s findings confirmed the change in preferences of the different types of tourists during the COVID-19 pandemic by performing thematic analysis. New themes emerged in the pandemic phase, providing more insights into tourists’ changing preferences in the current COVID-19 phase. The study also found that specific dominant themes in the pre-COVID-19 phase were replaced by new themes in the current COVID-19 phase.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to compare the pre-COVID-19 and current COVID-19 phase themes to decipher the new themes that managers of the hotels should consider to win back tourists’ confidence during the pandemic. The unraveling of changing preferences of the different tourist types in the current COVID-19 pandemic is the novel contribution of the study.

在 COVID-19 大流行期间改变游客对酒店业的偏好

COVID-19 大流行使国际酒店业陷入停顿。虽然有一些复苏的早期迹象, 但对于这个行业的长期复苏, 还需要分析游客不断变化的偏好。此外, 针对不同类型的游客, 需要进行更细致和深入的研究来分析每种游客类型的偏好。

该研究通过比较分析 COVID-19 之前和当前 COVID-19 阶段, 重点关注游客不断变化的偏好。该研究从 TripAdvisor 提取在线数据, 并通过应用隐含狄利克雷分布 (LDA) 确定主题。

该研究的调查结果通过进行主题分析证实了不同类型游客在 COVID-19 大流行期间偏好的变化。大流行阶段出现了新主题, 为游客在当前 COVID-19 阶段不断变化的偏好提供了更多见解。该研究还发现, COVID-19之前阶段的特定主导主题被当前 COVID-19 阶段的新主题所取代。

该研究首次比较了 COVID-19 之前和当前 COVID-19 阶段的主题, 从而为酒店管理者在大流行期间赢回游客的信心提供了应该考虑的新主题。研究发现在当前的 COVID-19 大流行中不同游客类型的偏好的变化是该研究的新贡献。

The purpose of this paper is to propose drivers that may impact the development of solo tourism in the near future.

This paper identifies and briefly examines four key factors that, it is suggested, will be significant in solo tourism in the near future.

It is proposed that future solo tourism will be increasingly fragmented based on the desires, living circumstances and motivations of the individual. A key element will be the level of solitude or controlled or uncontrolled companionship that the individual desires. Three possible personas of the future solo tourist are highlighted.

Solo tourism is currently underresearched, and this paper provides a starting point in looking specifically at the varying motivations and behaviours of the solo tourist.