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The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of capital regulation and market discipline when China imposed most of the Basel I requirements between 2004 and 2010.

Following Barrios and Blanco (2003) and Rime (2001), the authors apply disequilibrium and simultaneous measurements to identify the financial safety net underlying capital movements as well as the changes in credit risk levels in China’s banking sector.

The authors discover that capital regulation outweighs market discipline by an average probability of 0.65-0.35 in the contribution to bank capital movements when banks significantly improve their capital buffers. In addition, the banking sector lowered its risk levels in the sample period.

The findings suggest that the largest bank-based economy has consolidated its financial system for future expansion.

China’s banking sector requires closer examination of capital and risks provided by its emerging significance in the financial world. Thus, this study contributes to current literature.

Energy efficient building design strategies are growing in popularity, promoted through increased awareness of climate change, rising energy prices, global consciousness and a demand for energy security. To aid this design process, assessment tools such as Code for Sustainable Homes (CSHs) and Passivhaus were introduced in the UK. However, it is suggested that these tools prioritise energy efficiency over occupant health through a fundamental lack of attention to indoor air quality (IAQ). The purpose of this paper is to investigate IAQ in selected dwellings built using CSHs level 6, level 3 and Passivhaus homes in the UK.

Using a case study approach, the investigation consisted of IAQ measurements during summer and winter months, occupant diaries and occupant interviews.

The results from the IAQ measurements show the recommended maximum level of 1,000 ppm was breached in all three Code 6 and two Code 3 homes, with levels slightly below this limit in the two Passivhaus homes. Measurements found high levels of formaldehyde, carbon dioxide and low levels of relative humidity.

There is a need for the adequate consideration of IAQ in sustainable assessment methods, including the use of mandatory credits to ensure occupant health is not disregarded in the drive towards zero carbon.

These results can be used to recognise areas of improvement in the CSHs and Passivhaus standard, and the design of energy efficient homes in general. Research of this nature is essential to ensure occupant health is not sacrificed through the drive towards zero carbon.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a simple fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of liquid refractive-index (RI) and temperature.

The sensor structure is formed by a long period fiber grating cascaded with a section of thin-core fiber. The long period fiber grating is fabricated on single mode fiber, followed by a section of 20-mm length thin-core fiber which is a modal interferometer.

Cladding mode interference between long period fiber grating and thin-core fiber modal interferometer is weak in the experimental investigation. Both of these two cladding mode type fiber devices are sensitive to surrounding RI and temperature. So the RI and temperature can be measured simultaneously by monitoring the spectral characteristics of the compound sensor. The sensitivity is calibrated and sensor matrix is provided in the experiment.

This proposed fiber sensor is simple, tough, cost-effective and suitable for discriminate the liquid RI and temperature with high sensitivity.

Current measurement methods for fabric comfort attributes generally suffer from either complicated testing processes and intricate measuring equipment or partial evaluation objectives and thus are difficult for effectively evaluating multidimensional human perceptions towards the comprehensive comfort of fabrics. The purpose of this paper is to develop a facile test device, namely fabric comfort tester, to achieve a comprehensive evaluation of human sensations in terms of sensorial, thermal and acoustic comfort in clothing.

The prototype of the designed device was introduced, which enables a simultaneous test for multiple physical and mechanical properties of fabrics based on a force sensor and a set of infrared sensors via constructing multi-deformation states of the measured fabrics. Eleven measurement indices extracted from the measurement curves are defined and interpreted based on correlation analysis. A series of regression models are developed by relating the measurement indices with subjective evaluation results and validated by a set of independent samples.

Human perceptions of sensorial, thermal and acoustic comfort in clothing can be predicted by the measured physical indices and the designed test device with the developed regression models provides an alternative method to characterize the fabric comfort attributes effectively.

The work develops a novel device for objective evaluation of fabric comfort properties by a simultaneous test, integrating the mechanical measurement with thermal test and thereby filling the gap between the existing evaluation methods and practical requirements for the digitalization of fabric comfort in present textile and garment trade.

The purpose of this paper is to present computer‐aided simultaneous signal and noise modeling and analysis for mm‐wave field‐effect transistors (FETs) based on scattering parameters approach.

A mm‐wave FET is modeled as three active‐coupled transmission lines, and the developed wave approach is applied to this model to calculate both signal and noise performances of the device.

The measurements show a good match with the calculated data from the point of view of both signal and noise performances of the device.

This CAD‐oriented analysis and modeling can be easily applied to the mm‐wave simulators to improve the simultaneous signal and noise optimization, modeling and analysis of mm‐wave devices, especially for traveling wave transistors in which the distributed model seems to be more exact than the usual lumped models. Also the proposed routine compared to the admittance approach is conceptually more compatible with scattering representations of active and passive circuits. The developed algorithm has been applied successfully to mm‐wave MESFETs and HEMTs.

Researchers in economics and other disciplines are often interested in the causal effect of a binary treatment on outcomes. Econometric methods used to estimate such effects are divided into one of two strands depending on whether they require unconfoundedness (i.e., independence of potential outcomes and treatment assignment conditional on a set of observable covariates). When this assumption holds, researchers now have a wide array of estimation techniques from which to choose. However, very little is known about their performance – both in absolute and relative terms – when measurement error is present. In this study, the performance of several estimators that require unconfoundedness, as well as some that do not, are evaluated in a Monte Carlo study. In all cases, the data-generating process is such that unconfoundedness holds with the ‘real’ data. However, measurement error is then introduced. Specifically, three types of measurement error are considered: (i) errors in treatment assignment, (ii) errors in the outcome, and (iii) errors in the vector of covariates. Recommendations for researchers are provided.

“The Elephant in the Corner: A Cautionary Tale About Measurement Error in Treatment Effects Models” by Daniel L. Millimet discusses the current use of the unobserved-outcome framework to estimate population-averaged treatment effects, and it exposes the sensitivity of these estimators to assumption of no measurement error. The Monte Carlo simulation evidence in this chapter indicates that “nonclassical measurement error in the covariates, mean-reverting measurement error in the outcome, and simultaneous measurement errors in the outcome, treatment assignment, and covariates have a dramatic, adverse effect on the performance of the various estimators even with relatively small and infrequent errors” (Millimet article, p. 1–39). To some extent, all the estimators analyzed by Millimet are based on weak functional form assumptions and use semiparametric or nonparametric methods. Millimet's results indicate the need for measurement error models be they parametric or nonparametric models, see Schennach (2007), Hu and Schennach (2008), and Matzkin (2007) for some recent research in nonparametric approaches. Chapter 7 develops a Bayesian estimator that can handle some of the measurement errors discussed in this chapter.

The purpose of this study was expected to simultaneously monitor the surface roughness of each solidified layer, the surface roughness of the metal powder, the outline of the solidified layer, and the height difference between the solidified layer and the metal powder.

In the proposed approach, color images with red, green and blue fringes are used to measure the shape of the built object using a three-step phase-shift algorithm and phase-unwrapping method. In addition, the surface roughness is extracted from the speckle information in the captured image using a predetermined autocorrelation function.

The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed system were validated by comparing it with a commercial system for an identical set of samples fabricated by a selective laser melting process. The maximum and minimum errors between the two systems are approximately 24% and 0.8%, respectively.

In the additive manufacturing field, the authors are the first to use fringe detection technology to simultaneously measure the profile of the printed layer and its surface roughness.

Provides an executive summary of a major conference on simultaneous engineering, held in London towards the end of 1993. Rather than detailing specific presentations, concentrates on highlighting the breadth of issues discussed, thus illustrating the often overlooked complexity of simultaneous engineering.

Although trust is discussed widely in the literature, there are still discrepancies in the existing conceptualisations of the trust concept. These are usually either unidirectional or bi‐directional, and a limited or narrow approach is usually applied or taken into consideration. There is an apparent lack of mutual and simultaneous considerations beyond the dyadic business relationship. It is argued that an approach beyond dyadic business relationships is necessary to truly understand the trust between two actors in a marketing channel. In the first place, the trust in other upstream and downstream dyadic business relationships affects the trust in the dyad at focus. At the same time, the dyadic business relationship at focus is affected by upstream and downstream trust in other dyadic business relationships. Therefore, a generic model of the synchronised trust chain concept is introduced, as well as managerial implications and research proposals in the area.