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It is analytically difficult to derive the probability distribution function of waiting (or delay) time at the second or third queue in series of tandem queues. This paper presents a method by which approximation is done through a quasi‐isomorphic system which resembles the second queue in respect of one output, viz delay time. Through extensive simulation experiments these isomorphs have been derived. The procedure of getting a simple system to represent a part of a complex system is practised in cybernetics; this approach appears to have potentiality in studying intractable problems in communications and industrial management.

At the Corporate Computer Security '89 Conference, held in London, UK, earlier this year there was a plea for a computer security code of practice to curb increasing industrial sabotage. In the UK such a code is to be introduced after increasing concern about system sabotage through industrial espionage. At this computer industry conference cases of such espionage by intelligence services, vandals, disenchanted employees and terrorist groups were cited. An estimate of the cost of computer failures and sabotage has been made by the accountants Coopers and Lybrand who say that these activities are costing companies up to a billion pounds a year.

Computer networks are very complex and somewhat unpredictable systems in dynamic operations. Cybernetic modelling, incorporating stochastic, fuzzy variables, wherever appropriate, approximating interactions not easily tractable via a black‐box systems approach, may be more accurate. A method of analysis of computer networks is considered by representing subsystems and interactions, accurately as far as possible, and then utilising the results of systems sciences for analysis, including specifics, e.g. queuing systems. The aim is to identify correspondences between the behaviour of subsystems of networks and suitable analytic tools. Automation along such lines for the analysis and design of networks and other systems may be a possibility.

The case is written on the basis of published sources only.

Doodlage, a start-up incorporated in 2012 by Kriti Tula, Paras Arora and Vaibhav Kapoor, used discarded waste to create sustainable fashion products. It had a first-mover advantage in recycled fashion goods in the first 10 years of its existence. The company contributed to sustainable fashion by providing an alternative to fast fashion production, creating enormous clothing waste and environmental degradation. In the first quarter of 2022, it saved and reused 15,000 m of fabric waste. From 2018 to 2021, the company grew 150% annually, targeting the right customers and regions to expand its business. It ensured that postproduction industrial waste and postconsumption garments were used to produce clothes. It also confirmed that the waste generated in its fabric screening process was used to create stationery items and other valuable accessories.

However, the sustainable fashion model that gave the company a competitive advantage became obsolete in 2022 due to increasing competition in the industry as various players using unique ideas entered the market. The company is encountering operational and logistical challenges that are affecting its performance. The demand for its products was also subdued due to high prices of upcycled and recycled clothes and less consumer spending post-COVID pandemic. The competitors of Doodlage offered multiple products produced using environmentally friendly farming and manufacturing techniques, attracting sustainable purchasers. What should be the new portfolio of products for the company to explore future growth opportunities? Considering their vast price, can consumers be encouraged to buy upcycled clothes? How should the company ride the winds of change in the industry?

The instructor should initiate the class discussion by asking questions such as how frequently do you shop for clothes? Do you care about the fabric of your apparel? After you discard your clothes, do you think about where these goods finally end up? Data on the amount of total waste generated in the fashion industry should be communicated to students to connect it with the importance of the concept of circular economy. Post this, the instructor should introduce the business model of Doodlage to bring the discussion into the context of the fashion industry before going ahead to discuss the company’s dilemma.

The case study is based on a social entrepreneurial journey where the authors have used an interview method to get the insights from the protagonists and the employees. Rigorous interviews were conducted online and in person for deep analysis of the protagonist’s strategies and decisive dilemma.

Secondary data was collected from company’s website for facts and figures.

This case study is a story of indigenous tribes of Odisha from the eyes of a woman who, with her co-founder, empathized with their vulnerable life and took on the challenge of creating sustainable livelihoods by establishing Millet Magic Foundation. The Millet Magic Foundation was established in 2021 by Shyama and her cofounder to uplift the indigenous tribe of Mayurbhanj by providing them livelihood through millet-based products. The foundation launched their millet-based snack products with the brand name WOWMOM. Millet Magic Foundation created social impact for the tribals by providing them with employment, fair wages, health care and social well-being. The specialty of the Millet Magic was reverse positioning and focusing on the bottom of the pyramid. The success of the Millet Magic Foundation relied on its mission to uplift the life of these indigenous tribal, especially the women, by overcoming the challenges with the strategies to establish Millet Magic as a social enterprise.

The case study is primarily suitable for postgraduate programme to teach the concept of social entrepreneurship in the entrepreneurship module. The case study can also be used for highlighting the role of social enterprise in sustainable economic development of emerging economies.

This study aims to analyse the literature published on ChatGPT and generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) available through Scopus to identify the top countries, institutions, authors, journals and titles in terms of publishing and citations in the area.The research also intends to determine the collaborative trends among countries and authors as well as top-used keywords on the topic identified from the analysed literature.

The researchers searched the Scopus database to collect and assess the literature on the topic. The paper used six applications such as Biblioshiny, VosViewer, Python, MS Access and Excel and Endnote to collect and analyse the literature.

It is found that European countries such as the USA, the UK and Germany took the lead in terms of publishing and impact in the area but the USA stood first with 90 publications and 1,720 citations in this connection. Likewise, the organization “Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen” scored the top position regarding publishing, but Open AI remained on top for getting the highest citations (1,384). Apropos, the author “Choi, Y” produced the highest number of publications. The research also shares the collaborative patterns, top journals and publications in the area, as well as the top-used keywords on the topic.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that shares a bibliometric analysis of literature published on GPT and ChatGPT. The research not only fills the research gap on the topic but also shares implications for relevant stakeholders and future research directions for future researchers.

The pandemic of COVID-19 led to considerable challenges with respect to people's health, dietary behavior and satisfaction with life. This study aims to investigate perceived stress levels, in relation to diet quality and life satisfaction in Greek adults, during the COVID-19 lockdown.

This is a cross-sectional study which took place in Greece in the course of the strict lockdown period, in the third COVID-19 wave. A sample of 2,029 adults aged 18 years and above participated in an online survey. The questionnaire consisted of questions on sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics. The Perceived Stress Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Mediterranean Diet Assessment Tool were also used.

Linear regression has shown that women (p < 0.0001), younger individuals (p < 0.0001), obese individuals (p = 0.047), those with lower levels of satisfaction with life (p < 0.0001) and lower adherence to Mediterranean diet (p = 0.0001) were positively associated with higher levels of stress.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Greece aiming at investigating concurrently, levels of perceived stress, with respect to levels of satisfaction with life and diet quality in adults, during the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic.