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An experimental study of the mechanical behavior of fused‐deposition (FD) ABS plastic materials is described. Elastic moduli and strength values are determined for the ABS monofilament feedstock and various unidirectional FD‐ABS materials. The results show a reduction of 11 to 37 per cent in modulus and 22 to 57 per cent in strength for FD‐ABS materials relative to the ABS monofilament. These reductions occur due to the presence of voids and a loss of molecular orientation during the FD extrusion process. The results can be used to benchmark computational models for stiffness and strength as a function of the processing parameters for use in computationally optimizing the mechanical performance of FD‐ABS materials in functional applications.

In the last four years, since Volume I of this Bibliography first appeared, there has been an explosion of literature in all the main functional areas of business. This wealth of material poses problems for the researcher in management studies — and, of course, for the librarian: uncovering what has been written in any one area is not an easy task. This volume aims to help the librarian and the researcher overcome some of the immediate problems of identification of material. It is an annotated bibliography of management, drawing on the wide variety of literature produced by MCB University Press. Over the last four years, MCB University Press has produced an extensive range of books and serial publications covering most of the established and many of the developing areas of management. This volume, in conjunction with Volume I, provides a guide to all the material published so far.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic method to perform analysis and test for vibration‐thermal strain behavior of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) assembly by considering thermal and vibration loading mode. Also to investigate the dynamic behavior of PBGA assembly by considering loading modes for design and reliability evaluation of PBGA packaging.

A PBGA assembly prototype with different structure and material parameters is designed and manufactured. Based on investigation of the structural and physical parameters of PBGA sample, the vibration‐thermal strain test is developed to measure the strain distribution at the surface of the BT (bismaleimide triazine) substrates and PCB (printed circuit board) surface under vibration‐thermal cycling loading such as random vibration and the temperature is changed from 0°C to 100°C.

The test results show that the loading modes have different impact on PCB, EMC and substrate, respectively. In the meantime, it is shown that the characteristics of the compound mode is not the linear accumulative result by single vibration mode and single thermal loading mode as forecasted. The nonlinear mechanism for these modes application is the future work for progress.

It is very difficult to set up a numerical approach to illustrate the validity of the testing approach because the complex loading modes and the complex structure of PBGA assembly. The research on an accurate mathematical model of the PBGA assembly prototype is a future work.

It implies a potential design characteristic for future application of PBGA assembly. It also builds a basis for future work for design and reliability evaluation of BGA package.

This paper fulfils useful information about the thermal‐vibration coupling dynamic behavior of PBGA assembly with different structure characteristics, materials parameters.

Large strain model can be formulated in terms of the Lagrangian or the Eulerian frame. In this paper, the Eulerian type large strain models are studied. Numerical examples on the Lagrangian and Eulerian types large strain models are investigated and compared. It is found that the differences in the choice of large strain model under large strain and rotation problems are noticeable but not significant if small load step is used for analysis. Furthermore, we have also found that unsymmetrical formulation instead of symmetrical formulation should be adopted for Eulerian type large strain models.

The kinematics of small and large deformations (displacements, rotations and strains) is described by use of the engineering strain, the logarithmic strain, the Seth‐Hill class of strains and the rate‐type strains derived using the Lagrangian and the ‘Relative’ descriptions. The displacement gradient is computed for two and three dimensions and the error associated with use of the small rotation approximation is plotted. The components of the rotation tensor are derived for a four‐noded isoparametric quadrilateral finite element for determining the error due to small displacement and rotation approximations. Finally, the various strain measures are computed and plotted for representative problems.

At each New Year we stand at the threshold of fresh scenes and hopes, of opportunities and pastures new. It is the time for casting off shackles and burdens that have weighed us down in the old year; almost a new chapter of life. We scan the prevailing scene for signs that will chart the year's unrolling and beyond, and hope profoundly for a smooth passage. The present is largely the product of the past, but of the future, who knows? Man therefore forever seems to be entering upon something new—a change, a challenge, events of great portent. This, of course, is what life is all about. Trends usually precede events, often by a decade or more, yet it is a paradox that so many are taken by surprise when they occur. Trends there have been and well marked; signs, too, for the discerning. In fields particular, they portend overall progress; in general, not a few bode ill.

The link between emotion display rules and job strain has been well established. This chapter draws upon the organizational justice literature to propose a new individual difference, service emotion rule fairness (SERF), to predict job strain for service workers. We propose that when service workers believe that organizational control of emotional displays is unfair they have poor fit with the job and increased strain. In fact, in the survey and experimental studies presented here, SERF uniquely predicted turnover intentions and emotional exhaustion beyond individual and group characteristics. SERF was rated higher when displays to customers are perceived as a means to gain financial rewards or form relationships with others, supporting a self-interest model of fairness, whereas the extent that display rules made one feel controlled, SERF was lower. We also found evidence that those with more social and organizational power perceived that the requirements were fairer. Practical and research implications are discussed.

The lead‐free solder joint reliability of several printed circuit board mounted high‐density packages, when subjected to temperature cycling was investigated by finite element modelling. The packages were a 256‐pin plastic ball grid array (PBGA), a 388‐pin PBGA, and a 1657‐pin ceramic column grid array. Emphasis was placed on the determination of the creep responses (e.g. stress, strain, and strain energy density) of the lead‐free solder joints of these packages.

Para-aramid fabrics see service in a great variety of applications, such as heavy weight lifting applications, penetration protective multilayer panels, etc. It is, therefore, increasingly important to understand the strain rate range at which the fabric has optimum mechanical properties. Although this is a field that has not been studied before, it is of great significance since it allows for the determination of the fabric’s layer location within the multilayered structure which offers maximum overall performance. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Rectangular strips of PARAX 300 S8 woven para-aramid fabric underwent uniaxial tensile tests at various extension rates. The angle between two fibers at the center of each specimen was measured after the fabrics were elongated at different tensile extensions. This recovery angle was determined by visual analysis of the test video recordings after specimen unloading. Based on this, the recovery of the weaving form after unloading was also estimated for each tensile extension. A recovery degree based deformation characterization of the sections of a typical load/extension curve has been introduced.

The fabric does not appear to be strain rate sensitive for a strain rate range of 0.03 s-1 to 0.53 s-1, and its load/extension characteristics are generally not affected by the extension rate. However, break load and maximum elongation values appear reduced at actuator velocity of 2,400 mm/min and enhanced at 3,600 mm/min. Finally, the effect of extension rate on the different deformation zones of the material is reported and discussed.

The current research work offers a novel approach for the investigation of non-standard response of woven para-aramid fabrics when subjected to tensile loading under various strain rates. Additionally, a new approach is introduced to explain in detail the deformation zones based on the recovery degree of the fiber orientation angle after unloading.