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16 queries, performed on the two systems, resulted in 247 unique relevant references from EMCS and 559 from TOXLINE. The overlap varied considerably, from 6 to 50%. It is remarkable that TOXLINE, with nine subfiles specially compiled for toxicology can be supplemented by EMCS, which in the present study delivered 31% of all the unique references.

The online search activities described here were conducted to provide environmental scientists with literature to use in their review of pesticide chemicals for regulatory decisions. The first criterion for this data gathering process was to have complete coverage to approach 100% recall of the papers published on the pesticide in question. As new databases were developed and current ones were updated, the number of searchable files multiplied. Running large profiles against each data‐base now resulted in, increased online costs, (connect‐time/print charges), greater overlap and duplication and, inundating the reviewer with thousands of citations. Thus it became apparent that the effectiveness of searching this multitude of applicable databases must be evaluated. Where is the overlap? Which data‐bases contain unique citations? How can the number of databases be decreased without minimizing the percentage of coverage?

This paper aims to establish a theoretic framework to provide a fundamental understanding of cyberspatial objects, their existence and their identification scheme while providing a connection between cyber-enabled spaces and cyberspace. It develops an avenue to quantify general philosophical and theoretical questions, precisely, inherently spatial basis that produces an unprecedented space–time continuum, in which cyber-enabled relations evolve.

Multidisciplinary theoretical approaches are needed to describe complex systems, which in this paper are integrated in a quest for the principles underlying the structural organization and dynamics of cyberspace. A theoretic framework is presented, and the spatial conception of cyber-enabled physical, social, information and thinking spaces and entities existence are provided.

With spatial objects and spatial properties, cyberspace is inherently spatial. Its basic constructs are founded on its spatial qualities and producing radical space–time compression, cyber-enabled spaces in which dynamic relations develop and thrive. The cyberspatial object operations are primarily built on foundations that depend on physical space and other spatial metaphors. Information space, basically missing in the literature, is an important part of cyberspace.

This work suggested a novel analytical approach to describing cyberspace from broader perspectives and fields. Due to the novelty and divergence of cyber concepts, an interdisciplinary study and methodology are needed. Thus, more research toward theoretical direction could help many of the practical implementations of concepts.

The research is of particular significance in cyberspatial mechanics to describe the dynamics and behavior of cyber physical systems. For example, object-based analysis functions like spatial query, node pattern analysis, cluster analysis, spatial similarity analysis and location modeling.

Complementing the existing literature and defining information space to the research sphere, a theoretical framework providing a fundamental understanding of cyberspatial objects and the general cyberspace foundation has been proposed, resulting in a formalized concept of existence, interactions and applications and services, with respect to philosophy, science and technology, respectively.

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the nonconservative instability of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with an added mass through nonlocal theories. The governing equations are discretized by means of the differential quadrature (DQ) rules, as introduced by Bellman and Casti. DQ rules have been largely used in engineering and applied sciences. Recently, they were applied to enhance some numerical schemes, such as step-by-step integration schemes and Picard-like numerical schemes.

In the present paper, the DQ rules are used to investigate the nonconservative instability of a SWCNT through nonlocal theories.

To show the sensitivity of the SWCNT to the values of added mass and the influence of nonlocal parameter on the fundamental frequencies values, some numerical examples have been performed and discussed. Yet, the effect of the different boundary conditions on the instability behaviour has been investigated. The validity of the present model has been confirmed by comparing some results against the ones available in literature.

Applying the nonlocal elasticity theory, this paper presents a re-formulation of Hamilton’s principle for the free vibration analysis of a uniform Euler–Bernoulli nanobeam. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the free vibration response of an SWCNT with attached mass and for various values of small scale effects.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual approach to determining an optimal strategy development process and controlling of the defence spending, by utilizing the decision‐making system adopted in the Republic of Estonia.

The author offers a part of the Balanced Scorecard model named “Management and Control Perspective” as one of the improvement tools for the system of planning military expenditures and effective utilization of budgetary funds.

The results show that the Balanced Scorecard application, using the “utility function”, will allow the Estonian Defence Forces to overcome important barriers to strategy implementation by interrelation of military planning and budgeting processes.

One suggestion for further research might be established as a way of improvement and development of methods directed to application of the utility function in the decision‐making process. This approach will improve calculations of strategic perspective plans and will reveal the essence of the budgetary policy on the whole by taking into consideration expenses features of the business and non‐profit organizations.

By using the Balanced Scorecard the paper offers a new strategic method of planning and controlling the military expenditure in the Estonian Defence Forces.

The present paper provides direct evidence of the alternative methods forecast measures and the possibility of using mathematical models in the strategic planning process.

This paper aims to examine the thermal transmission and entropy generation of hybrid nanofluid filled containers with solid body inside. The solid body is seen as being both isothermal and capable of producing heat. A time-dependent non-linear partial differential equation is used to represent the transfer of heat through a solid body. The current study’s objective is to investigate the key properties of nanoparticles, external forces and particular attention paid to the impact of hybrid nanoparticles on entropy formation. This investigation is useful for researchers studying in the area of cavity flows to know features of the flow structures and nature of hybrid nanofluid characteristics. In addition, a detailed entropy generation analysis has been performed to highlight possible regimes with minimal entropy generation rates. Hybrid nanofluid has been proven to have useful qualities, making it an attractive coolant for an electrical device. The findings would help scientists and engineers better understand how to analyse convective heat transmission and how to forecast better heat transfer rates in cutting-edge technological systems used in industries such as heat transportation, power generation, chemical production and passive cooling systems for electronic devices.

Thermal transmission and entropy generation of hybrid nanofluid are analysed within the enclosure. The domain of interest is a square chamber of size L, including a square solid block. The solid body is considered to be isothermal and generating heat. The flow driven by temperature gradient in the cavity is two-dimensional. The governing equations, formulated in dimensionless primitive variables with corresponding initial and boundary conditions, are worked out by using the finite volume technique with the SIMPLE algorithm on a uniformly staggered mesh. QUICK and central difference schemes were used to handle convective and diffusive elements. In-house code is developed using FORTRAN programming to visualize the isotherms, streamlines, heatlines and entropy contours, which are handled by Tecplot software. The influence of nanoparticles volume fraction, heat generation factor, external magnetic forces and an irreversibility ratio on energy transport and flow patterns is examined.

The results show that the hybrid nanoparticles concentration augments the thermal transmission and the entropy production increases also while the augmentation of temperature difference results in a diminution of entropy production. Finally, magnetic force has the significant impact on heat transfer, isotherms, streamlines and entropy. It has been observed that the external magnetic force plays a good role in thermal regulations.

Hybrid nanofluid is a desirable coolant for an electrical device. Various nanoparticles and their combinations can be analysed. Ferro-copper hybrid nanofluid considered with the help of prevailing literature review. The research would benefit scientists and engineers by improving their comprehension of how to analyses convective heat transmission and forecast more accurate heat transfer rates in various fields.

Due to its helpful characteristics, ferrous-copper hybrid nanofluid is a desirable coolant for an electrical device. The research would benefit scientists and engineers by improving their comprehension of how to analyse convective heat transmission and forecast more accurate heat transfer rates in cutting-edge technological systems used in sectors like thermal transportation, cooling systems for electronic devices, etc.

Entropy generation is used for an evaluation of the system’s performance, which is an indicator of optimal design. Hence, in recent times, it does a good engineering sense to draw attention to irreversibility under magnetic force, and it has an indispensable impact on investigation of electronic devices.

An efficient numerical technique has been developed to solve this problem. The originality of this work is to analyse convective energy transport and entropy generation in a chamber with internal block, which is capable of maintaining heat and producing heat. Effects of irreversibility ratio are scrutinized for the first time. Analysis of convective heat transfer and entropy production in an enclosure with internal isothermal/heat generating blocks gives the way to predict enhanced heat transfer rate and avoid the failure of advanced technical systems in industrial sectors.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the macroeconomic determinants of life insurance demand in India. The recent decline in life insurance activity calls for a study on the factors influencing life insurance demand in India.

This study employs econometric techniques like augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Johansen cointegration test, vector error correction models and the Granger causality test to estimate the macroeconomic predictors of life insurance demand in India, during the period 1980-1981 to 2013-2014.

Financial sector development and inflation positively influence life insurance demand in India. The real rate of interest and income are negatively related to life insurance consumption. The study finds an insignificant relation between the level of social security expenditure and life insurance buying. Financial sector development is found to Granger-cause life insurance demand.

Product-wise analysis of life insurance demand is not attempted due to lack of unit-level data. The impact of regulatory changes on life insurance demand in India is not attempted.

Intervention by the policy makers is required to arrest the decline of life insurance activity in India. Efforts are required to widen the financial sector of the Indian economy to accelerate the growth of life insurance activity.

The paper introduces a new measure of life insurance demand, the total regular new business premium, in the estimation of life insurance demand determination.

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the influence of electromagnetic field during the arc discharge carbon nanotubes synthesis. It proposes modeling of electromagnetic field distribution to calculate forces in the area of arcing. The paper presents the influence of this field on the final product of the synthesis.

A short literature review of the arc discharge systems supported by electromagnetic field is presented. The technical solution of the coil placement is discussed. An experimental research is described. The research system constructed preceded by a series of measurements and modeling is analyzed.

The paper describes the significant meaning of the electromagnetic field during the synthesis. The electromagnetic field forces the slow rotation of the carbon plasma column where carbon nanotubes are formed. It leads to the improvement in yield.

Because the research is limited to one type of geometry of the reactor, the results may vary in different reactors. However, the influence of the electromagnetic field is confirmed. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to investigate the influence of the electromagnetic coil in the applied systems.

The systems with a coil inside the reactor require the application of complex cooling systems or/and additional screens. The work proposes a technical solution based on the coil placed outside the reactor. Therefore, it simplifies the construction and increases the yield.

The high yield of the high-quality nanotubes opens new technical possibilities for electronics and electrical engineering.

The paper identifies a connection between the electromagnetic field, the arc discharge movement, plasma jet, carbon nanotubes containing deposit and the yield.

The purpose of this paper is the development of a multiscale model which simulates the effect of the dispersion, the waviness, the interphase geometry as well as the agglomerations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the Young’s modulus of a polymer filled with 0.4 Vol.% MWCNTs.

For the determination of the homogenized elastic properties of the hybrid material representative unit cells (RUCs) have been used. The predicted homogenized elastic properties were used for the prediction of the Young’s modulus of the filled material by simulating a finite element (FE) model of a tensile specimen. Moreover, the model has been validated by comparing the predicted values of the numerical analysis with experimental tensile results.

As the MWCNT agglomerates increase, the results showed a remarkable decrease of the Young’s modulus regarding the polymer filled with aligned MWCNTs while only slight differences on the Young’s modulus have been found in the case of randomly oriented MWCNTs. This might be attributed to the low concentration of the MWCNTs (0.4 Vol.%) into the polymer. For low MWCNTs concentrations, the interphase seems to have negligible effect on the Young’s modulus. Furthermore, as the MWCNTs waviness increases, a remarkable decrease of the Young’s modulus of the polymer filled with aligned MWCNTs is observed. In the case that MWCNTs are randomly dispersed into the polymer, both numerical and experimental results have been found to be consistent regarding the Young’s modulus.

The methodology used can be adopted by any system containing nanofillers.

Although several studies on the effect of the MWCNTs distribution on the Young’s modulus have been conducted, limited results exist by using a more realistic RUC including a periodic geometry of more than 20 MWCNTs with random orientation and a more realistic waviness of MWCNTs with aspect ratio exceeding 150.

The purpose of this study was to fabricate carbon nanotubes (CNT)-reinforced chromium oxide coatings and investigate mechanical and microstructural properties of these newly developed coatings on the boiler tube steel.

1 and 4 Wt.% CNT-reinforced Cr₂O₃ composite coatings were prepared and successfully deposited on ASTM-SA213-T22 (T22) boiler tube steel substrates using high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying method. Microhardness, porosity, metallography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cross-sectional elemental analysis and X-ray mapping analysis have been used to examine the coated specimens.

The porosity of the CNT-Cr₂O₃ composite coatings was found to be decreasing with the increases in CNT content, and hardness has been found to be increasing with increase in percentage of CNT in the composite coatings. The CNT were able to increase hardness by approximately 17 per cent. It was found that the CNT were uniformly distributed throughout Cr₂O₃ matrix. The CNT were found to be chemically inert during the spraying process.

It must be mentioned here that studies related to fabrication of HVOF sprayed CNT reinforced Cr₂O₃ composite coatings on T22 boiler tube steel are not available in the literature. Hence, present investigation can provide valuable information related to fabrication and properties of CNT reinforced coatings on boiler steel.