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This study aims to examine the empirical linkages among emotional experiences, national identity and behavioural intentions for red tourism in China.

Partial least squares structural equation modelling was applied to data from two rounds of surveys of 1,095 on-site visitors to Zunyi and Yan’an, two well-known red tourism cities in China.

Emotional experiences significantly affect national identity, with positive emotions significantly affecting national identity. Positive emotions also significantly influenced behavioural intentions, national identity positively influenced behavioural intentions and national pride mediated the relationship of “positive emotion → behavioural intentions”. In addition, previous experience played a moderating role in the relationship of “positive emotion → national pride”.

This research produced new insights on red tourism emotional experiences by clarifying its types, connotations and influences. It contributes to a better understanding of national identity antecedents and outcomes in red tourism. Findings revealed the significant role of red tourism in cultivating national identity and provide implications for academic research and practical development of red tourism.

本研究旨在考察中国红色旅游者的情绪体验、国家认同和行为意向之间的影响关系及其作用机制。

采用偏最小二乘法结构方程模型(PLS-SEM), 对来自中国红色旅游圣地——遵义和延安的1095名现场游客的问卷调查数据进行了统计分析。

情绪体验对国家认同会产生显著影响。其中, 积极情感会显著正向影响国家认同。同时, 积极情感也会对行为意向产生显著正向影响。此外, 国家认同对行为意向具有积极影响, 且国家自豪感在“积极情感→行为意图”的影响关系中充当中介作用。最后, 研究还发现旅游经历在“积极情感→国家自豪感”的影响关系中具有显著的调节作用。

本研究通过阐明红色旅游情绪体验的类型、内涵及其影响关系, 为深入理解红色旅游情绪体验提供了一个全新的视角。同时, 文章还进一步厘清了红色旅游情境中国家认同感的形成前因和影响结果的作用机理。研究结论揭示了红色旅游在培育国家认同感方面的重要价值, 并为红色旅游的学术研究和实践发展提供了重要启示。

Esta investigación examinó los vínculos empíricos entre las experiencias emocionales, la identidad nacional y las intenciones de comportamiento para del turismo rojo en China.

Se aplicó el análisis de ecuaciones estructurales basado en mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS - SEM) a los datos recogidos mediante dos rondas de encuestas realizadasa 1.095 visitantes in situ en Zunyi y Yan'an, dos conocidas ciudades de turismo rojo de China.

Las experiencias emocionales afectan significativamente a la identidad nacional, y las emociones positivas influyen significativamente en la identidad nacional. Las emociones positivas también influyeron significativamente en las intenciones de comportamiento; la identidad nacional influyó positivamente en las intenciones de comportamiento y el orgullo nacional medió la relación “emoción positiva → intenciones de comportamiento”. Además, la experiencia previa desempeñó un papel moderador en la relación “emoción positiva → orgullo nacional”.

Esta investigación aportó nuevos hallazgos sobre las experiencias emocionales del turismo rojo al aclarar sus tipos, connotaciones e influencias. Contribuye a una mejor comprensión de los antecedentes y resultados de la identidad nacional en el turismo rojo. Los resultados de la investigación revelan el importante papel del turismo rojo en el cultivo de la identidad nacional y ofrecen implicaciones para la investigación académica y el desarrollo práctico del turismo rojo.

This study aims to explore and clarify the role of national traditional festival tourism in cultivating national identity (NI) and confirm its construction model.

Based on social identity theory and complexity theory, a complex nurturing framework for visitors’ NI is developed. The paper with 479 samples used fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to analyse NI from the holistic perspective of “cultural inheritance” (festival authenticity [FA], historical re-enactment [HR] and cultural experience [CE]) and “inherited innovation” (event design innovation [EDI], cultural innovation [CUI], aesthetic innovation [AI] and creative innovation [CRI]).

The findings indicated three driving modes of forming NI: cultural inheritance-led, inherited innovation-led and the dual coordination of cultural inheritance and inherited innovation. FA, HR, CE, AI and CRI are core incentives, whereas event design and CUI are AI.

The findings provide directions for strengthening visitors’ national emotion, which has significant value for the development of traditional festival tourism.

The study offers a new perspective for the cultivation of NI in the tourism context and provides theoretical guidance for the coordinated development of cultural inheritance and inherited innovation in national traditional festival tourism destinations.

本研究旨在探索和厘清全国性传统节日旅游在培养国家认同中的作用, 并确定国家认同的建构模型。

基于479份有效问卷, 研究基于社会认同理论和复杂性理论和模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA), 从“文化沿袭”（节日真实性、历史重演、文化体验）和“传承创新”（活动设计创新、文化创新、审美创新和创意创新）的整体视角构建了国家认同的复杂培育框架。

国家认同培育涵盖三种驱动模式:文化沿袭主导、传承创新主导、文化沿袭与传承创新的双重协调。其中, 节日真实性、历史重演、文化体验、审美创新和创意创新是核心激励因素, 而活动设计创新和文化创新是辅助条件。

研究结论为增强参与者的国家情感提供方向, 对传统节日旅游发展具有重要价值。

本研究为旅游语境下国家认同的培养提供了新的视角, 为全国性传统节日旅游目的地文化沿袭与传承创新的协调发展提供理论指导

El objetivo de este estudio es explorar y clarificar el papel del turismo de fiestas tradicionales nacionales en la formación de la identidad nacional (IN), y confirmar su modelo de construcción.

Sobre la base de la teoría de la identidad social y la teoría de la complejidad, se desarrolla un complejo marco de fomento de la IN de los visitantes. El artículo, con 479 muestras, utilizó el análisis cualitativo comparativo de conjuntos difusos (fsQCA) para analizar la IN desde la perspectiva holística de la “herencia cultural” (autenticidad del festival, recreación histórica, experiencia cultural) y la “innovación heredada” (innovación en el diseño del evento, innovación cultural, innovación estética e innovación creativa).

Los resultados indican que existen tres modos de formación de la IN: el propiciado por la herencia cultural, el guiado por la innovación heredada y la doble coordinación de la herencia cultural y la innovación heredada. La autenticidad del festival, la recreación histórica, la experiencia cultural, la innovación estética y la innovación creativa son los principales motivadores, mientras que el diseño del evento y la innovación cultural desempeñan un papel secundario.

Las conclusiones proporcionan orientaciones para reforzar el sentimiento nacional de los visitantes, lo que tiene un gran valor para el desarrollo turístico de las fiestas tradicionales.

El estudio ofrece una nueva perspectiva sobre el cultivo de la IN en el contexto turístico, y ofrece orientación teórica para el desarrollo coordinado de la herencia cultural y la innovación heredada en los destinos turísticos de fiestas tradicionales nacionales.

National basic education curriculum in Mexico emphasizes the need for the construction of a positive national identity. The purpose of this paper is to describe the perceptions, expectations and views of pre‐service Mexican teachers about Mexico as a country.

Participants were 193 in‐training teachers in the last semester of study from the four normal schools (3 public, 1 private, Catholic) in the state of Yucatan who participated voluntarily in the study. From these, 44 (23 per cent) were men and 149 (77 per cent) were women, with a modal age of 21 years old.

Opinions extracted from a paper and pencil survey administered to 193 pre‐service teachers from Yucatan showed that the new teacher training curriculum has succeeded in creating a sense of nationalism and promoting feelings of pride and positive national identity, with the construct of Mexico as a motherland.

This research suggests training must include activities in community service projects that effectively teach the value of actual work and involvement in the community: all this beyond existing sublime feelings of belonging. Teacher candidates seem to have an increased drive to participate in social and community projects, despite the fact it is not currently formally fostered in the national teacher training curriculum. Further research in these important aspects of traditional teacher training education is needed to better understand the role of nationalism and the values and tradition of the teaching profession in Mexico.

The study found a lack of criticism and reflection about the disadvantages and limitations of a unique orientation to the countries' symbols and rituals. Do teachers need to be a mere reproductive force of values and identities? Or, should teachers be expected to be reflective, critical and aware of the risks and dangers of blind loyalty to the country's policies and government dictates? Teacher training national guidelines should be revised and perhaps an effort to go beyond ideological issues should be considered, posting the concept of performance standards and other forms of accountability whilst in the schools.

The question of cultural identity has taken new levels of importance in the Andean country of Ecuador. Ecuadorian scholars often treat identity as a historical construction, revealing the country's Mestizo population as a culture of oppression. However, such statements only take into account the Western definition of history and fail to appreciate the indigenous concept of myth and the human need to constantly rewrite history in terms of today. Since Ecuador's majority is profoundly Mestizo (people with both Spanish and indigenous ancestry), there exists a clash of thought structures, both Western and indigenous, which do not allow for collective transformation. This research utilizes interactive research methods, particularly Augusto Boal's “Theatre of the Oppressed,” to penetrate the clash, intensifying it so that the “cultural oppression” becomes clear to those involved in the explorations, allowing them to uncover the “power of myth” now deeply buried in the collective unconscious.

This paper aims to present the Colombian Alejandro López Restrepo as a classic management thinker from the first half of the twentieth century and discuss his ideas in the light of Anglo-Saxon authors at that time and his contributions as a professor, manager and public servant.

Bibliographic material including López’s books and essays and their biography published by Mayor (2001) are reviewed to organize a new reading of López as a management thinker and practitioner.

Beyond several classical managerial thinkers, López reconceptualized scientific management with a critical discussion of classical economic theory using sociology and psychology to present a unique conception of work, enterprise and efficiency as a public service that gives sense to individual and social realization to face the future and create development.

Techniques as critical biography and interpretation of data have not been used, instead the aim to contribute to the literature of management history a Latin American’ thinker.

Including López as a classical management thinker can improve the study of management history. His life and ideas give new reflexive insight to understand the development of management in Colombia and serve to inspire administrators to seek improvements in society.

The paper offers a new approach toward studying Alejandro López beyond previous sociological work by Mayor (2001) with the discussion of the contributions in the lenses of managerial practices and theoretical insights at that time.

Using a case study approach, this chapter examines two primary changes to global health education prompted and exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. First, is the acceleration of digital education into the typical global health classroom. Second, is the integration of transnational networks and partnerships between intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and higher education institutions (HEIs) to create, adapt, and disseminate digital materials in fast-changing information environments. The chapter examines the potential positive and negative impacts of the proliferation of digital content created by IGOs and international NGOs that is being rapidly integrated into use in HEIs for Global Health. The growth of tools and access through these new partnerships may lead to increased access to global health information for professionals. However, these changes may have long-term implications for global health regarding equitable access to culturally appropriate and accurate information. Furthermore, there may be additional implications for equity, as the proliferation of tools may still leave out the most vulnerable that do not have access to digital platforms.

Strategic fit is known to be an important antecedent to a firm’s performance, but there is little research explaining its influence on firm’s environmental performance. This paper aims to propose that strategic fit is likely to affect two firm-level outcomes: dynamic equilibrium and dynamic disequilibrium.

Prior debate has underlined the role of adaptation vs selection in achieving strategic fit, but we assert that firms vary in their strategic fit. This paper models inter-firm differentials in environmental performance, using survey data from a sample of Chinese small and medium enterprises.

Transformative leadership, operational agility and knowledge-based identity facilitate compensatory fit, while productivity growth, strategic adaptability and low product-market maturity enable strategic fit.

The authors show how low strategic fit may provide selection advantages via compensatory fit. Some firms do seek to achieve greater fit to the embedded contextual contingencies (dynamic equilibrium) at the cost of their energy. However, others respond to the expectations for green performance that are presently orthogonal to the embedded context to realize compensatory fit using the energy of the context (dynamic disequilibrium). This manifests as differential capabilities for adaptation vs selection.

The findings highlight how the firms may use cultural fit pathway for transcending the phenomenological tradeoffs between economic performance-oriented strategic fit and ecological performance-oriented compensatory fit.

This paper shows how low strategic fit may provide selection advantages via compensatory fit. Some firms do seek to achieve greater fit to the embedded contextual contingencies (dynamic equilibrium) at the cost of their energy. However, others respond to the expectations for green performance that are presently orthogonal to the embedded context, to realize compensatory fit using the energy of the context (dynamic disequilibrium). This manifests as differential capabilities for adaptation vs selection.

Es conocido que el ajuste estratégico es un antecedente importante del resultado de la empresa, pero existe poca investigación sobre su impacto en el resultado medioambiental. Proponemos que el ajuste estratégico es probable que influya sobre dos resultados organizativos: equilibrio dinámico y desequilibrio dinámico.

El debate previo ha señalado el papel de la adaptación frente a la selección a la hora de lograr el ajuste estratégico, pero sin embargo nosotros aseguramos que las empresas varían en su ajuste estratégico. Modelizamos las diferencias entre empresas en cuanto a su rendimiento medioambiental utilizando datos de una encuesta de empresas pequeñas y medianas empresas chinas.

El liderazgo transformacional, agilidad operativa, e identidad basada en el conocimiento facilitan el ajuste compensatorio, mientras que el crecimiento de la productividad, la adaptabilidad estratégica y una baja madurez producto-mercado favorecen el ajuste estratégico.

Mostramos como un bajo ajuste estratégico genera ventajas en la selección vía ajuste compensatorio. Algunas empresas buscan un mayor ajuste a las contingencias del entorno (equilibrio dinámico) a costa de su energía. Sin embargo, otras responden a las expectativas sobre rendimiento medioambiental para alcanzar un ajuste compensatorio utilizando la energía del contexto (desequilibrio dinámico). Esto se manifiesta en forma de capacidades distintas para la adaptación frente a la selección.

Nuestros resultados subrayan como las empresas pueden usar el ajuste cultura para trascender los contrastes entre el ajuste estratégico orientado a los resultados económicos y el ajuste compensatorio orientado a los resultados medioambientales.

La investigación resalta el reto de integrar las presiones para adaptarse a la lógica ecológica predominante en la industria y los imperativos basados en el valor que apoyan la selección del ecosistema social apropiado para los grupos de interés. Enfatiza que el factor decisivo que influye de manera decisiva en la capacidad de la empresa para manejar las contraprestaciones económicas y ecológicas es la orientación cultural a favor del bienestar de las personas. Mediante un modelo integrador de desarrollo económico y ecológico a nivel nacional una empresa puede reducir los costes derivados del hecho de que algunos países puedan favorecer los intereses económicos a costa de los medioambientales y generar externalidades negativas.

Palavras-chave Resultados medioambientales, Crecimiento de la productividad, Liderazgo transformacional, Agilidad operativa, Adaptabilidad estratégica, Madurez producto-mercado

O ajuste estratégico é conhecido por ser um importante antecedente do desempenho da empresa, mas há poucas pesquisas explicando sua influência no desempenho ambiental da empresa. Propomos que o ajuste estratégico provavelmente influenciará dois resultados no nível da empresa: equilíbrio dinâmico e desequilíbrio dinâmico.

O debate prévio destacou o papel da adaptação versus seleção na obtenção de adequação estratégica, mas afirmamos que as empresas variam em sua adequação estratégica. Nós modelamos diferenciais entre firmas no desempenho ambiental, usando dados de pesquisa de uma amostra de pequenas e médias empresas chinesas.

A liderança transformadora, a agilidade operacional e a identidade baseada em conhecimento facilitam o ajuste compensatório, enquanto o crescimento da produtividade, a adaptabilidade estratégica e a baixa maturidade do mercado de produtos permitem um ajuste estratégico.

Mostramos como o ajuste estratégico baixo pode fornecer vantagens de seleção via ajuste compensatório. Algumas firmas buscam obter maior adequação às contingências contextuais embutidas (equilíbrio dinâmico) ao custo de sua energia. No entanto, outros respondem às expectativas de desempenho verde que atualmente são ortogonais ao contexto embutido, para realizar o ajuste compensatório utilizando a energia do contexto (desequilíbrio dinâmico). Isso se manifesta como capacidades diferenciais de adaptação versus seleção.

Nossas descobertas destacam como as empresas podem usar o caminho da adaptação cultural para transcender as compensações fenomenológicas entre o ajuste estratégico orientado para o desempenho econômico e o ajuste compensatório voltado para o desempenho ecológico.

A pesquisa destaca os desafios da cultura de trabalho de integrar as pressões para se adaptar à predominante ecologia industrial versus o imperativo dominante baseado em valores para selecionar o ecossistema social apropriado dos interessados. Isso enfatiza que o fator decisivo na capacidade formativa de uma empresa para promover compromissos econômicos e ecológicos é a orientação cultural para o bem-estar humano em uma plataforma nacional. Ao programar um modelo integrativo de desenvolvimento econômico e ecológico em nível nacional, uma empresa pode auto mitigar os custos da economia política internacional que surgem quando algumas nações trocam o bem-estar ecológico em prol de interesses econômicos e geram externalidades negativas.

Palavras-chave Palavras-chave Desempenho ambiental, Crescimento de produtividade, Liderança transformacional, Agilidade operacional, Adaptabilidade estratégica, Maturidade do Produto-Mercado

The main objective of this study is to identify some of the variables that affect the perception of Brazil country brand, as well as the knowledge of the relationships between them.

The proposed model aims to find out the influence of the affective image, the cognitive image, the identity and the reputation on the country brand. Partial Least Squares (PLS) is the method used to test the proposed model.

According to the results obtained, it seems that both identity and reputation have a positive and significant effect on the country brand. On the other hand, the cognitive image is positively related to identity and the affective image, while it is surprising that the affective image itself shows no significant influence on identity.

The study is of particular interest to the policy makers of territories, explaining the factors they must influence in order to successfully enhance the country brand. It also contributes to theoretical development by proposing a conceptual model that highlights the importance of the cognitive image in the country brand, due to its effect on the affective image and identity.

El principal objetivo de este estudio es identificar algunas de las variables que inciden en la percepción de la marca país Brasil, así como el conocimiento de las relaciones entre ellos.

El modelo propuesto tiene como objetivo conocer la influencia de la imagen afectiva, la imagen cognitiva, la identidad y reputación en la marca país. El PLS (Partial Least Squares) es el método utilizado para probar el modelo propuesto.

Según los resultados obtenidos, parece que tanto la identidad como la reputación tienen un efecto positivo y significativo en la marca país. Por otro lado, la imagen cognitiva se relaciona positivamente con la identidad y la imagen afectiva, mientras que sorprende que la imagen afectiva en sí misma no muestra una influencia significativa sobre la identidad.

El estudio es de especial interés para los responsables políticos, ya que explica los factores que debe influir para potenciar con éxito la marca país. También contribuye al desarrollo teórico proponiendo un modelo conceptual que resalte la importancia de la imagen cognitiva en la marca país, por su efecto sobre la imagen e identidad afectiva.

This presentation intends to illustrate through the example of a few specific cases of urban actions and projects, those instances in which the existence of built heritage leads to the recognition of identity and valuable contribution as a tool to regenerate, promote residence and economic development.

Introducing a conceptual framework for identity and culture it is possible to start the recognition of buildings, spaces, stories that configure own particularity to cities. And those would be the elements that would be configured as tools to involve the actions and transformation of the area. Studying each one of the heritage elements detected it is possible to trace a chorus line that impulse the new activity proposal.

Cases presented in this article were really astonishing in terms of impact and provoked many favorable externalities around them. It is possible to confirm that history and stories as good as buildings and determined places can help regeneration with its own promotion and new ideas applied for better results.

In fact, heritage as a concept, cultural tangible and intangible, is a powerful tool to regenerate cities, to promote economical activity and bind communities toward social development.