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In the UK alone, approximately £2,000 million is spent each year on cutting fluids and oils. This is merely the cost of purchasing the material and does not include the sizeable sum required to pay for disposal of used fluids or any additives needed to support the fluids while in use.

As more stringent environmental legislation is enforced throughout Europe manufacturing businesses, employing metal cutting processes, can no longer ignore the growing importance of environmental aspects relating to cutting fluids. Businesses, through market forces, are being forced into offering a “clean solution” to the metal cutting processes which they operate. Cutting fluids despite playing an important role in metal cutting, have considerable environmental impact. There is a need therefore to understand the role of cutting fluids within the cutting process in order to evaluate possible environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of cutting fluids. In order to achieve this the operating environment in which the process is being carried out, and the consequences of removing the cutting fluid from the process altogether has to be assessed. This paper therefore, reflects on the role of cutting fluid and the implications of their use. Viable methods of reducing cutting fluid consumption are also reported, together with efficient methods of cutting fluid utilisation (e.g. minimum quantity delivery systems). Finally, the difficulties experienced in removing cutting fluids from the metal cutting process are highlighted through the consideration of dry cutting technologies.

THE METAL‐WORKING industry is firmly established as one of the foundations of a modern industrial society. In Britain, which may be taken as fairly representative of such a society, it constitutes the country's largest manufacturing industry employing nearly 3¾ million workers in over 16 theusand plants. Furthermore, apart from the steel industry, which supplies its basic raw material, its anticipated rate of growth is larger than any other industry.

SYNOPSIS. A new type of cutting fluid is essential to achieving utilisation of the full potential of Automated Machining (AM). Coolant capabilities frequently determine the scope of multi‐tool machining applications. Identifying operational needs and overcoming AM system constraints has provided a unique opportunity to develop a new synthetic cutting fluid technology. A vision for the future is where the expansion of synthetic lubricant technology will continue to contribute significant benefits to an ever‐widening area of manufacturing industry's lubricant requirements.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of liquid carbon dioxide (LCO₂) on grinding of stainless steel.

A factorial experimental approach was used to compare the LCO₂'s performance against grinding under dry air and emulsion coolants.

The experimental results have a great use to practitioners. It was found that under special conditions, LCO₂ proves to be an alternative coolant for grinding of temperature sensitive materials. Furthermore, grinding under LCO₂ conditions produced the lowest tangential force, while the normal forces were close to the values found under emulsion fluid environment. When compared to grinding under dry conditions, LCO₂ coolant was successful in reducing the work piece temperatures. LCO₂ and emulsion conditions inhibit work hardening by reducing material deformation at the grinding zone.

The paper shows that sub‐zero temperature coolants have the ability to bring about lower grinding temperatures than what is typically achieved under conventional fluids.

SYNOPSIS LOGICAL theories can be postulated for the escalation in incidents of marine main diesel engine lubricant malfunction and associated corrosion. If they are correct, the forecast is temporarily gloomy, until preventive measures become generally used and some long term reformulations are carried out. A number of early‐warning signs can now be recognized. On‐board microbiological tests have proved of great value; biocides are now known which can protect oils in use and many infected systems have been successfully sterilized. Other “straight” oil infections are discussed briefly but as yet the financial implications of other known infections are less pressing.

Focuses on the use of biocides to combat the growth of microorganisms in coolant systems and oils. Outlines measures which can limit or prevent mcrobial growth and provides a brief summary of the European Biocidal Products Directive.