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Disappearing ink was prepared using different concentrations of thymolphthalein, phenolphthalein and their mixture, applying to different types of handwriting surfaces such as cotton, polyester and polyamide. The effects of thymolphthalein, phenolphthalein and alkali concentrations (i.e. pH) on the fading time were studied. The handwriting stability increased when the concentration of thymolphthalein or phenolphthalein was increased. At a high concentration of alkali with phenolphthalein and its mixture with thymolphthalein, the handwriting stability decreased with polyester or polyamide handwriting surfaces and the stability increased in the case of cotton. When the faded handwriting surfaces were subject to the thermal effect in a thermostatically controlled oven at 100°C for 10 minutes by hanging them with suitable hooks, there was no change in the faded handwriting. When they were at 150°C for 20 minutes, the faded phenolphthalein ink, which contained 0.5ml of 1N NaOH, was visible and shown red on the polyester and polyamide handwriting surfaces, but there was no change on the faded cotton handwriting surface.

Conventional street lighting systems in areas with a low frequency of passersby are online most of the night without purpose. The consequence is that a large amount of power is wasted meaninglessly. With the broad availability of flexible‐lighting technology like light‐emitting diode lamps and everywhere available wireless internet connection, fast reacting, reliably operating, and power‐conserving street lighting systems become reality. The purpose of this work is to describe the Smart Street Lighting (SSL) system, a first approach to accomplish the demand for flexible public lighting systems.

This work presents the SSL system, a framework developed for a dynamic switching of street lamps based on pedestrians' locations and desired safety (or “fear”) zones. In the developed system prototype, each pedestrian is localized via his/her smartphone, periodically sending location and configuration information to the SSL server. For street lamp control, each and every lamppost is equipped with a ZigBee‐based radio device, receiving control information from the SSL server via multi‐hop routing.

This research paper confirms that the application of the proposed SSL system has great potential to revolutionize street lighting, particularly in suburban areas with low‐pedestrian frequency. More important, the broad utilization of SSL can easily help to overcome the regulatory requirement for CO₂ emission reduction by switching off lampposts whenever they are not required.

The paper discusses in detail the implementation of SSL, and presents results of its application on a small scale. Experiments have shown that objects like trees can interrupt wireless communication between lampposts and that inaccuracy of global positioning system position detection can lead to unexpected lighting effects.

This paper introduces the novel SSL framework, a system for fast, reliable, and energy efficient street lamp switching based on a pedestrian's location and personal desires of safety. Both safety zone definition and position estimation in this novel approach is accomplished using standard smartphone capabilities. Suggestions for overcoming these issues are discussed in the last part of the paper.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the friction coefficients of aramid and acrylic fibers on brake pads.

Fiber components used in the present pads are aramid and acrylic fibers, respectively, while keeping other components, such as binders, lubricants, abrasives, fillers the same. Disk FC25 and disk FC17 are used for rotor rubbing test to investigate the friction coefficients with brake pads. The pads are tested by 1/5 scale brake dynamometer, and test mode is modified JASO C406‐P1. The results are analyzed with the friction coefficient and the temperature, transfer film, roughness, and photomicrograph of worn surface on rotors.

The friction coefficient was mainly determined by the pad material rather than the rotor material, and pads made of aramid fiber had high‐friction coefficient, while pads made of acrylic fiber had low‐friction coefficient, especially under high temperature. Temperature change during braking process was directly related to the initial speed only, and was indifferent to materials or decelerations imposed. In the fade test, the reversal of friction coefficients between the aramid fiber and acrylic fiber pads is determined by the amount of remained amount of respective fiber above 520°C.

Effect of different fiber components, aramid and acrylic fibers, on friction characteristics of pad is sought. Reversal of friction coefficients is determined by the thermal stability of fibers used for pads.

The purpose of this paper is to understand “silent” processes, where the relationship fades away for no obvious reason, and to outline a few managerial challenges related to a passive engagement style in the relationship.

This paper uses an exploratory approach where 42 interviews were screened, resulting in eight semi-structured interviews that were used describing silent fading relationships. The interviews represent four relationship dyads between financial advisors and their customers in a private banking setting (wealth management).

The paper outlines the relationship roots, the process dynamics, and the reasons behind fading in the relationships. It emphasizes the problems with implicit expectations from both parties in the relationship and suggests that more focus should be put on defining the relationship from the start. The absence of interaction and dialogue is problematic. If the parties in the relationship are able to communicate constructively during an unstable phase in the relationship, there is a better chance that the relationship will survive.

Since no attempts are made to generalize the knowledge retrieved, the number of fading relationships categorized must not be seen as representative for a general tendency.

The paper offers several managerial challenges when it comes to understanding the management of silently fading relationships, e.g. managing mismatching expectations, defining and re-defining the relationship, constructive dialogue, gaining service encounter information, and the need for finding the right level of commitment in the relationship.

This paper discusses several concepts that are highly interesting for research related to relationship dynamics. Most studies have focussed on active decisions in relationships, whereas this paper focusses on passive and inactive decisions. It also offers empirical insights, which are scarce in the area.

Welwyn Hatfield Council v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2009] EWHC 966 (Admin), Welwyn Hatfield Council v. Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2010] EWCA Civ 26 and Welwyn Hatfield Council v. Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2011] UKSC 15 (Beesley hereafter) and Fidler v. Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2010] EWHC 143 (Admin), Fidler v. Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2011] EWCA civ 1159 (Fidler hereafter) are two recent cases concerning deliberately concealed breaches of planning control. The defendants engaged in dishonest and misleading conduct, in an attempt to rely on a loophole within Section 171B of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (T&CPA). This study aims to critically analyse two solutions which were created to close the loophole; in addition, this study analyses various alternative remedies that have been suggested, and finally, whether the present law has been sufficient to remedy the situation.

The T&CPA is a key piece of legislation regulating planning controls; Section 171A-C provides the time limits for taking enforcement action against a breach of planning control. To achieve the above purpose, an evaluation of those provisions will be undertaken in detail. Subsequently, this study will analyse two solutions which were created to close the loophole; firstly, the Supreme Court (SC) decision (Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council v. Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2011] UKSC 15) and, secondly, the governments’ decision to amend the T&CPA without awaiting the SC’s decision[1].

This research concludes that the government should have awaited the SC’s decision before amending statute to prohibit reliance upon the expiration of time where there is an element of deliberate concealment. Additionally, this study suggests that the statutory amendments were not required in light of the SC’s solution in Beesley. As a result of the governments’ ill-considered decision, uncertainty has permeated through the conveyancing process, causing ambiguity, delays and additional expense in transactions at a time when a precarious property market needs anything but uncertainty.

The scope of this research is limited to deliberate concealment of breaches of planning control and the four-year enforcement period; whilst considering the consequences of the solutions proposed, this study does not provide a detailed overview of the planning system, but rather assumes prior knowledge.

This study offers a unique assessment of the law relating to the deliberate concealment of planning breaches and offers a thorough criticism of the law with recommendations for reform. Additionally, a variety of alternative solutions are considered. Both legal academics, planning professionals and those interested in planning law will find the paper a thought-provoking digest.

Temporal consumption experiences have been conceptualised as universal, subjective or practice-based experiences. Little research, though, addresses such experiences in conjunction with the repeated and situational consumption events that bring them about. The purpose of this paper is to extend current knowledge by examining how the temporal and situational intertwine during consumption events. For this purpose, the concept of a consumption timecycle based on the research data is constructed.

The paper takes a longitudinal and researcher-led approach to study temporal consumption experiences. The data was collected through participant observations, video recordings and personal subjective introspections during three consecutive annual Nordic motorcycle consumer trade shows (2014–2016). The data was analysed using an interpretive approach.

The results demonstrate five temporalities that characterise a consumption timecycle as follows: emerging, core, intensifying, fading and idle-time temporalities. The features of these temporal experiences are presented in the conclusions section of the paper.

Recalled temporal experiences are mediated experiences and they differ from lived experiences. The transferability or generalisability of the results might be limited, as the case is situated in the Nordic context.

The paper presents the novel concept of a consumption timecycle that extends current debates about consumer time. The consumption timecycle is contrasted with established temporal concepts in consumer and marketing research.

Recently, analyses of the characteristics of viral content in the social media field have attracted considerable attention. However, the influence of instant videos has grown significantly, and most social media platforms have begun to introduce them.

The authors conducted a series of independent-samples t-tests using a large-scale data set collected from the YouTube Shorts platform to identify the characteristics of popular instant videos and discussions surrounding them. The authors further analyzed how they differ from other viral content.

The results indicate that viewers leave varied variety of comments based on the topic of conversation in the community, rather than on the video itself. Furthermore, video producers and viewers attempt to reach a consensus in a straightforward and intuitive manner. All analyzed texts contained appropriate attitudes and tendencies according to their roles on the platform.

This study aimed to discover and understand the video and conversational characteristics of popular instant videos, which differ from the existing widely known viral content.

In light of limited sustainability of past collaborative‐learning‐centered initiatives over time, the purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants considered by both teachers and principals to influence the sustainability of a collective‐learning‐from‐success (CLS) initiative in 12 urban elementary schools.

Using qualitative methodology, data were collected via face‐to‐face interviews with 37 teachers and eight principals. Analysis involved identifying common themes, contrasting patterns, and elucidating differences among participants’ voices.

In total, six major determinants were identified as influencing the sustainability of the CLS initiative: superintendent's role, principal's role, need for a structured learning setting, burden added to teachers’ workload, overuse of theory and underuse of practice, and congruence with school agenda.

As researchers and practitioners explore ways to sustain collaborative learning in schools, it is important to further evaluate whether learning communities can be developed and sustained when staff members are encouraged to collectively analyze their successful practices.

Purpose – This chapter reviews the challenges faced by top management teams as they strive to create corporate cultures that combine a high performance with a strong sense of integrity.

Methodology/approach – The chapter integrates diverse theories from organizational research and cognitive psychology, as well as published accounts of ethical breakdowns, to shed new light on the barriers to corporate integrity.

Findings – The chapter distinguishes between two major types of ethical breakdowns.

Conscious transgressions, where the individuals know what they should or should not do, but choose nonetheless to follow the unethical path, a decision that they then need to rationalize and which often places them on a slippery slope.

Unconscious transgressions, where the individuals do not even realize that they are making an inappropriate decision, as they fall prey to ethical fading or to other cognitive biases.

Practical implications – The chapter proposes that top management plays a key role in establishing a climate where employees can speak up, emphasizing the importance of all stakeholders, and investing in training to increase awareness of the cognitive biases that support transgressions.

Social implications – The chapter recommends that management educators must alert students more forcefully to the personal and organizational repercussions of “minor” ethical transgressions; increase student awareness of key cognitive concepts, including ethical fading and other mental biases; and highlight the possible dysfunctions of intuitive remedies, like incentives or rules and regulations.

Originality/value of chapter – The chapter provides a clearer analysis of the causes of ethical breakdowns, allowing for more effective prevention.

In order to optimize BER and to substantiate performance measures, initially, the filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) performance metrics are evaluated with the cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) system. The efficiency of CP-OFDM, as well as FBMC/QAM that is transmitting over specific fading channels, is evaluated in terms of quality trade-off metrics over bit error rate (BER) as well as modulation order. When compared with the traditional FBMC systems, the proposed FBMC QAM system shows better performance. The performance metrics of FBMC/QAM with the inclusion of multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output (MUMIMO) is validated with worst case channel environment. The performance penalty gap that exists in CP- OFDM is compared with improved FBMC QAM in terms of both BER and OOB radiation measures. The BER trade off comparison between ML and MMSE optimally determine the prominent signal detection model for high performance FBMC QAM system.

The main objective of this research work is to provide perceptions about performance, co-channel interference avoidance as well as about the techniques that are used for minimizing the complexity of the system that is related to FBMC QAM structure for reducing intrinsic interference with higher spectral features as well as maximal likelihood (ML) detector systems.

This research work also looks at the efficiency of multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) FBMC/QAM over nonlinear channels. Furthermore, when compared with OFDM, it also significantly reduces the penalty gap efficiency, thereby enabling the accessibility of the proposed FBMC QAM system from BER as well as implementation point of view. Finally, the signal detection is facilitated by the sub-detector and is achieved on the downlink side by making use of threshold-driven statistical measures that accurately minimize the complexity trade-off measures of the ML detector over modulation order. The computation of the proposed FBMC method’s BER performance measures was carried out through MATLAB simulation environments, as well as efficiency of the suggested work was demonstrated through detailed analyses.

This research work intend to combine the efficient MU-MIMO based transmission scheme with optimal FBMC/QAM for improved QoS over highly nonlinear channels which includes both delay spread and Doppler effects. And optimal signal detection model is facilitated at the downlink side by making use of threshold-driven statistical measures that accurately minimize the complexity trade-off measures of the ML detector over modulation order. The computation of the proposed FBMC method’s BER performance measures was carried out through MATLAB simulation environments, as well as efficiency of the suggested work was demonstrated through detailed analyses.