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Disappearing ink was prepared using different concentrations of thymolphthalein, phenolphthalein and their mixture, applying to different types of handwriting surfaces such as cotton, polyester and polyamide. The effects of thymolphthalein, phenolphthalein and alkali concentrations (i.e. pH) on the fading time were studied. The handwriting stability increased when the concentration of thymolphthalein or phenolphthalein was increased. At a high concentration of alkali with phenolphthalein and its mixture with thymolphthalein, the handwriting stability decreased with polyester or polyamide handwriting surfaces and the stability increased in the case of cotton. When the faded handwriting surfaces were subject to the thermal effect in a thermostatically controlled oven at 100°C for 10 minutes by hanging them with suitable hooks, there was no change in the faded handwriting. When they were at 150°C for 20 minutes, the faded phenolphthalein ink, which contained 0.5ml of 1N NaOH, was visible and shown red on the polyester and polyamide handwriting surfaces, but there was no change on the faded cotton handwriting surface.

To describe, analyse, and understand relationship fading between a business sponsor and a sponsored museum in the context of cultural sponsorships.

The empirical study uses a longitudinal and a dyadic approach to analyse the temporal development of a three‐year cultural‐sponsorship relationship.

This study tackles the phenomenon of relationship fading in cultural sponsorships. The triggers of relationship fading are first elaborated into structural and situational triggers. These triggers are further categorised into structural predisposing triggers, situational precipitating triggers, situational attenuating, and structural attenuating triggers.

Most of the triggers of relationship fading are passive and indirect. Consequently, the triggers of fading affect the development of the relationship by gradually reducing the sponsor's motivations to invest and develop the cultural‐sponsorship relationship.

Successful management of cultural sponsorship requires the interacting actors to be aware of the structural and situational triggers of fading that can lead to the fading and potential ultimate ending of such a relationship. Using culture‐oriented marketing professionals with good communication skills between the business and the arts community is vital in managing cultural sponsorships and in avoiding fading in cultural‐sponsorship relationships.

A central feature of the fresh theoretical framework on relationship fading is the link between relatively permanent structures and the situational processes. A dyadic and longitudinal approach is adopted to reveal the past, present, and future dynamics of fading in the cultural‐sponsorship relationship.

The purpose of this paper is to propose using agency theory for assessing the likelihood of quality fade in buyer‐supplier relationships and prescribing contractual mechanisms for reducing quality fade. In this paper, quality fade, an element of supply chain vulnerability, is defined as the unforeseen deterioration of agreed to or expected quality levels with respect to product and/or service requirements. The use of outcome‐based, behavior‐based, or mix contracts can be used to reduce the likelihood of quality fade and illustrate preferred scenarios for buyer and suppliers.

This paper proposes a conceptual model for using agency theory to explain and address a type of supply chain vulnerability called quality fade. A 2×2 matrix is proposed that contrasts outcome measurability with outcome uncertainty to illustrate buyer and supplier vulnerability and to suggest contractual mechanisms that can be used to mitigate vulnerability for both parties.

A typology of governance mechanisms is presented and described with the use of a manufacturer third‐party logistics provider example to illustrate the theoretical framework. Four different scenarios are discussed and described. Contractual mechanisms are provided to mitigate vulnerabilities and reduce quality fade.

Quality fade is a term that has not been described extensively in academic literature but is a term that is relevant in the broader discussion of supply chain vulnerability. Given that quality fade is a behavioral, as opposed to process oriented, approach, it requires a theoretical framework rooted in behavioral considerations. Agency theory is an appropriate framework for studying governance options.

The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) in some frequency selective fading channels. The exact symbol error rate (SER) expressions in Hoyt (Nakagami-q) and Weibull-v fading channels are derived. A GFDM transceiver simulation test bed is provided to validate the obtained analytical expressions.

Modern cellular system demands higher data rates, very low-latency transmissions and sensors with ultra low-power consumption. Current cellular systems of the fourth generation (4G) are not able to meet these emerging demands of future mobile communication systems. To address this requirement, GFDM, a novel multi-carrier modulation technique is proposed to satisfy the future needs of fifth generation technology. GFDM is a block-based transmission method where pulse shaping is applied circularly to individual subcarriers. Unlike traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, GFDM transmits multiple symbols per subcarrier. The authors have used the probability density function approach in solving the final analytical expressions.

Detailed analysis of GFDM performance under Hoyt-q, Weibull-v and Log-Normal Shadowing fading channels. Exact analytical formulae were derived which support the simulations carried out by authors and other authors. The exact dependence of SER on fading parameters and roll-off factor α in the raised cosine pulse shape filter was determined.

Development and fabrication of high-performance GFDM systems under fading channel conditions.

Theoretical support to simulated system performance.

The purpose of this study is to describe, analyze, and understand the fading configurations in inter‐organizational relationships in the context of cultural sponsorship.

A dyadic case study investigates a long‐term cultural‐sponsorship relationship between a business sponsor and a sponsored museum.

The triggers of relationship fading are broadly elaborated into structural and situational triggers. These triggers are further categorized into negative and positive structural triggers and into negative and positive situational triggers. Negative triggers accelerate the fading of cultural‐sponsorship relationships, whereas positive triggers hinder such fading.

The perceptions of the business sponsor and the sponsored museum are combined into a configuration matrix of relationship fading in cultural‐sponsorships relationships. The configuration matrix can be used to analyze the composition and the dynamics of perceptions during relationship fading. The configuration matrix offers a powerful and flexible tool that allows conflicting views in the cultural‐sponsorship relationship to be revealed and described.

The analytical framework facilitates managerial identification of potential structural and situational triggers of fading in cultural‐sponsorship relationships. To manage such relationships effectively, the interacting actors have to take into account the probable fading of cultural‐sponsorships relationships, and the reasons for this.

The triggers of relationship fading can emanate from both the structural context in which this time‐bound cultural‐sponsorship relationship is embedded and the situational process itself. Consequently, the triggers of fading can be both structural with relatively high permanence and situational with single critical events and incidents occurring in the relationship.

Fading customer relationships are important phenomena to understand for companies to prevent a future relationship termination, manage a desired relationship termination, or manage the situation where the relationship strength temporarily or permanently has weakened. It is assumed that fading could take different forms and develop through a range of different processes. The purpose of this study is therefore to reveal different types of possible fading customer relationship processes.

A total of 42 semi‐structured qualitative interviews have been made looking at 21 fading relationship dyads. The interviews focused on understanding the development of the relationship process emphasising the weakening of relationship strength. The data were analysed using ideal type analysis.

Different aspects of the fading process resulted in a model for analysing fading relationships, and four types of fading processes were revealed: the crash landing process, the altitude drop process, the fizzle‐out process, and the try‐out process.

The article contributes to a broadened understanding of different types of fading processes within the research area of ending relationships emphasising the dynamic aspects of the phenomenon.

Managerial implications include the management of different types of fading processes making it possible to create strategies focusing on the specific characteristics of the outlined types.

There is a lack of research in the services literature focusing on relationship dynamics in general and the weakening of customer relationships in particular; also very few business‐to‐consumer studies take a dyadic approach. This paper explores the unknown territories of relationship fading.

This paper aims to exploit an orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) techniques to evaluate error rate performance of multiple-input multiple-output system for different modulation schemes operating over single- and double-Weibull fading channels.

The authors provided a novel analytical expression for cumulative distribution function (CDF) of double-Weibull distribution in the form of Meijer-G function. They also evaluated probability density function (PDF) and CDF for single- and double-Weibull random variables. CDF-based closed-form expressions of symbol error rate (SER) are computed for the proposed systems’ design.

Based on simulation and analytical results, the authors have shown that double-Weibull fading which shows the cascaded nature of channel gives significantly poor SER performance compared to that of single-Weibull fading. Moreover, MRC offers an improved error rate performance compared to that of OSTBC. As the fading parameter increases for any modulation technique, the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gap between single- and double-Weibull fading decreases. Finally, it is observed that the analytical results are a good approximation to simulation results.

For practical implication, the authors use a number of antennas at the base station, but solely to maximize performance, one can use receive diversity, i.e. MRC.

Using higher-order modulation (i.e. 16-QAM), 4 and 1 dB less SNR is required at high and less fading, respectively, in single-Weibull fading as compared to double-Weibull fading. Hence, at higher-order modulation, double-Weibull channel model performs better as compared to lower-order modulation.

The purpose of this paper is to understand “silent” processes, where the relationship fades away for no obvious reason, and to outline a few managerial challenges related to a passive engagement style in the relationship.

This paper uses an exploratory approach where 42 interviews were screened, resulting in eight semi-structured interviews that were used describing silent fading relationships. The interviews represent four relationship dyads between financial advisors and their customers in a private banking setting (wealth management).

The paper outlines the relationship roots, the process dynamics, and the reasons behind fading in the relationships. It emphasizes the problems with implicit expectations from both parties in the relationship and suggests that more focus should be put on defining the relationship from the start. The absence of interaction and dialogue is problematic. If the parties in the relationship are able to communicate constructively during an unstable phase in the relationship, there is a better chance that the relationship will survive.

Since no attempts are made to generalize the knowledge retrieved, the number of fading relationships categorized must not be seen as representative for a general tendency.

The paper offers several managerial challenges when it comes to understanding the management of silently fading relationships, e.g. managing mismatching expectations, defining and re-defining the relationship, constructive dialogue, gaining service encounter information, and the need for finding the right level of commitment in the relationship.

This paper discusses several concepts that are highly interesting for research related to relationship dynamics. Most studies have focussed on active decisions in relationships, whereas this paper focusses on passive and inactive decisions. It also offers empirical insights, which are scarce in the area.

In the services literature, there is a significant lack of studies that focus on the phase preceding the ending of a relationship – that is, the phase during which there is a weakening of a customer relationship. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the fading process of customer relationships in the service industry. First, it aims to discover empirical triggers for the fading of customer relationships. Second, it aims to identify dimensions of fading in customer relationships and to reveal underlying elements in these dimensions. Third, it aims to disclose the main critical risk elements of fading in customer relationships in specific fading groups. A mail survey is conducted in one case company in the service industry. The data are reduced by means of factor, discriminant, and classification analysis. Dimensions of fading in customer relationships include alliance partners, personal telephone services, technical support services, and award points.

The purpose of this paper is to compare light fastness assessments by exposure of fabric dyes with various dyes in daylight and an artificial xenon arc lamp.

Cotton fabric dyed with 66 reactive, vat, azoic and direct dyes dyed in different depths were exposed to daylight and Xenon arc lamp for assessment of light fastness by standard methods. The light fastness rating and fading hours by the two methods were analysed and compared statistically.

The correlation between the corresponding light fastness rating (LFR) measured in Xenotest and daylight is quite high (0.93). The logarithmic correlation coefficients between fading hour (FH) and LFR in Xenotest and daylight are 0.95 and 0.88, respectively. For Xenotest, the assessed LFRs are same as those predicted from geometric progression up to LFR of 5.5, and thereafter, the former is higher. On the other hand, in the case of daylight, the assessed LFR is lower. Assessments for three successive seasons showed high repeatability in case of Xenotest and moderate repeatability in case of daylight. Assessments for three successive seasons showed high repeatability in case of Xenotest and moderate repeatability in case of daylight.

The exposure conditions in daylight cannot be controlled or standardised, whereas the exposure in Xenon arc lamp in the accelerated fading instrument can be strictly controlled. These differences in exposure control may affect the repeatability of experimental findings.

Inconsistent ratings may be because of little deterioration of samples during storage, as well as seasonal variation of daylight.

There are no direct social implications.

The researches on the comparison of the two light fastness assessment methods have not been reported in any recent publication to the best our knowledge.