Search results

The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual model that portrays how contextual factors and behavioural cooperation mechanisms influence the effect of trade associations on the export performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a Latin American emerging economy.

The author draws on multiple streams of literature including: co-location, networks, cooperation and export performance to suggest a series of solid theoretical insights to the literature on SMEs’ export performance, networks and co-location in the Latin American context.

Contextual factors and behavioural cooperation mechanisms influence the effect of trade associations on export performance determining the final sign of such effect. Trust plays a role within all proposed mechanisms, but is not as fundamental as previously characterised in studies on the export performance of SMEs. Cooperation might exist, prevail, and exert a positive impact on SMEs’ export performance even in the absence of trust.

This paper contributes to the literature on SMEs’ export performance, networks and co-location in the Latin American context by presenting a theoretical model that enfolds co-location, networks, trade associations and cooperation effects on SMEs’ export performance under the same foundation. It creates the categories of “contextual factors” and “behavioural cooperation mechanisms” to differentiate the elements that weight on the relationship between firms and trade associations, thus facilitating or hindering export performance. It guides policy makers and company managers on where to focus when incentivizing conduct towards a more productive export performance in Latin America and other emerging economies.

Este artículo presenta un modelo teórico que describe cómo factores de contexto y mecanismos de cooperación conductuales impactan el efecto de las asociaciones de negocios en el desempeño exportador de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) en el contexto de los países emergentes de América Latina.

Los autores se basan en diversas líneas de investigación de la literatura, incluyendo: Co-locación, Redes, Cooperación y Desempeño Exportador para sugerir una serie de conclusiones teóricas referentes a la relación entre las PYMES y las asociaciones de negocios.

Los factores contextuales y los mecanismos de cooperación conductuales influyen en el efecto de las asociaciones de negocios en el desempeño de las exportaciones de las PYMES, determinando el signo final de dicho efecto. La confianza desempeña un papel dentro de todos los mecanismos conductuales propuestos, pero no tan fundamental como se caracterizó previamente en los estudios sobre el desempeño exportador de PYMES. La cooperación podría existir, prevalecer y ejercer un impacto positivo en el desempeño de las exportaciones de las PYMES, incluso en ausencia de confianza.

Este artículo contribuye a la literatura enfocada en PYMES, redes, co-locación y desempeño exportador, mediante la introducción de un modelo teórico que incluye en una plataforma única los conceptos de co-localización, redes, asociaciones de negocios y efectos de la cooperación en el desempeño de las exportaciones de las PYMES. En adición, crea las categorías de “factores contextuales” y “mecanismos de cooperación conductual” para diferenciar los elementos que influyen en la relación entre las empresas y las asociaciones de negocios, facilitando u obstaculizando así el desempeño de las exportaciones de PYMES en América Latina y otras economías emergentes.

This chapter examines La Vía Campesina’s strategy of consolidating strategic alliances in its global struggle to build food sovereignty. After discussing some of La Vía Campesina’s initial challenges in working with nongovernmental organizations we focus on two case studies: first, La Vía Campesina’s work with Veterinarios Sin Fronteras, based in Spain, and second, the International Planning Committee on Food Sovereignty. In both cases we analyze some of the convergences and divergences experienced by the social actors in efforts to build strategic alliances.

The purpose of this article is to analyse the characteristics and determinants of marketing innovation in companies, using the agribusiness sector as a case study due its economic and social importance in Latin America.

Data refer to the VI Innovation Survey undertaken in Chile (2010), based on the OECD guidelines. The authors compare the determinants of innovation in marketing, first among the agribusiness sector and other sectors of the economy, and then comparing their determinants using logistic regressions on other types of innovations in the agribusiness sector.

There are differences in the determinants of marketing innovation between agribusiness and other economic sectors. Also, there are differences in relation to the organisational, process and product innovations in the agribusiness sector.

The results imply the need for further study of marketing innovation and its relationship to other innovations considering different economic sectors and territories.

Business strategies and public programs that promote innovation should consider the differences between types of innovations.

This paper highlights and differentiates the marketing innovation with respect to other types of innovations—a topic not widely developed, especially in the agribusiness sector and in emerging countries.

El propósito de este artículo es analizar las características y determinantes de la innovación de marketing en empresas, tomando como estudio de caso el sector de agronegocios, de importancia económica y social en Latinoamérica.

Los datos corresponden a la VI Encuesta de Innovación de Chile (2010), basada en los lineamientos de la OECD. Se comparan los determinantes de las innovaciones en marketing, primero entre el sector de agronegocios y conjunto de otros sectores de la economía, para luego comparar mediante regresiones logísticas sus determinantes respecto de otros tipos de innovaciones en el sector de agronegocios.

Se establecen diferencias en los determinantes de la innovación en marketing entre el sector de agronegocios y conjunto de otros sectores de la economía, así como respecto de las innovaciones organizacionales, de procesos y productos para el sector de agronegocios.

Los resultados implican la necesidad de profundizar el estudio de la innovación en marketing y sus interrelaciones con otras innovaciones considerando distintos sectores económicos y territorios.

Las estrategias empresariales para fomentar la innovación, así como los programas públicos debieran considerar las diferencias entre tipos de innovaciones.

Este artículo destaca y diferencia la innovación en marketing de otros tipos de innovaciones, que es un tópico con poco desarrollo, especialmente en el sector de agronegocios y en países emergentes.

Competitiveness has become essential to business survival. Accordingly, the purpose of this chapter is to study the competitiveness of micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Latin America under the systemic competitiveness model under COVID-19. Documentary research was conducted, based on reports from the Inter-American Development Bank, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, among others. The main findings reveal an alarming deterioration at the macro, meso, and meta levels, which requires the design of public policies that consider the situation of MSMEs as essential for reducing poverty and unemployment affecting the region. Although MSMEs hold some advantages at the micro level, they need to receive direct support to enable them to stay afloat and make productive and technological investments.

The purpose of this paper is to underline the advantages offered by applying the collective strategy model in the context of humanitarian logistics, enriching the existing benefits that operations management and business logistics techniques have brought to the field. In both man‐made and natural disaster relief, humanitarian logistics operations have been hampered by a lack of coordination between actors, which directly affects performance in terms of reactivity and reliability. Adapted collective strategies could offer a solution to this problem.

A literature review deals with the issue of humanitarian logistics through an operational dimension, followed by a strategic approach. This is rounded out with a case study dealing with the Pisco earthquake in Peru (August 2007), which is based on a participant observation methodological approach.

The research presented in this paper reveals that a collective action approach has a positive impact on the working of humanitarian supply chains, as long as a “hub” is used to provide accountability and reliability. If a technical approach, particularly in matters of operations management (optimization of transportation, location of regional warehouses, etc.) is essential to better manage humanitarian logistics, it must also be in the service of a collective strategy, notably in the pre‐positioning of supplies and the coordination of relief efforts.

There is an emerging body of work on managing logistical operations in a humanitarian context, but less on strategic readings of humanitarian supply chains. In addition, the application of methods from the field of business logistics is possible, but too often underestimated. This work helps to address both gaps.

The aims of this study are to identify and analyse prevalent gender roles and the persistence of sexist stereotypes among teachers in training in Spain, to determine the reasons for them and suggest solutions for eradicating sexist prejudices.

A gender role questionnaire was administered to 1260 workers from 54 different professions who were enrolled on a postgraduate training course to qualify as secondary education teachers. The instrument contained six variables for both quantitative and qualitative analysis: professional work, family (looking after children), feelings and emotions, household chores, body image and free time.

Household chores, looking after children and gender roles linked to body image were those most indicated by both men and women. It is concluded that men participate little in bringing up children and household chores and that women continue to shoulder the responsibility. Both are concerned about their body image, but women have little self-acceptance of and satisfaction with their bodies and a stronger sense of being judged by how they look. Gender stereotypes persist, despite extensive legislation in Spain since 2004.

The study has limitations deriving from its choice of convenience sampling. Although it includes participants from six Spanish autonomous communities, the number from each region is not very high. Nevertheless, the sample is representative of almost all branches of knowledge (54 professions). Another limitation concerns the images used in the research instrument as a data collection strategy insofar, as they could not be obtained from a data bank specific to the research subject but instead had to be found in databases of general images. It can be inferred that a data collection strategy without any danger of bias would be to encourage each participant to design their own images, reflecting their perceptions and auto-perceptions of gender roles and stereotypes. The fact that there were no pre-existing studies using this type of research instrument in education sciences was a handicap for the investigation. Despite these methodological limitations, the results of the study may serve as a basis for implementing specific future actions originating from any area – but especially from the area of education – aimed at teaching people about equal roles in order to eliminate sexist sterotypes. This research was carried out as part of the Proyecto Diseño y Atención a las Oportunidades de Género en la Educación Superior (Project on Design and Gender Equality of Opportunities in Higher Education) funded by the Vicerrectorado de Cooperación al Desarrollo (Office for University Cooperation for Development) at the University of Alicante (Spain).

Spanish legislation has not been able to promote significant changes in the performance of traditional gender roles or to eliminate sexist stereotypes that perpetuate imbalances between men and women. The ideal and prevalent model of a Spanish woman is still that of a “self-sacrificing mother”, responsible for the household chores and childcare. She must combine this first job with a second profession, and, in addition, she must have a “desirable physical image”. The study puts forward various possible solutions for reducing and/or eradicating sexist attitudes with the participation of different social agents and in particular through education. The investigation could be of use when carrying out specific cross-sectional interventions on the subject of gender equality with students on postgraduate teacher training courses, for the purposes of encouraging the elimination of stereotypes and strengthening the capacity for critical judgement, positive self-concept and self-esteem.

The study may be useful for carrying out specific and transversal university training interventions in postgraduate teacher training on gender equality aimed at promoting the elimination of stereotypes, the strengthening of critical judgement capacity, positive self-concept and self-esteem.

This chapter discusses the creation of the Pacific Alliance comprising four countries: Mexico, Chile, Peru, and Colombia. It shows that is not only a free trade agreement between these countries but also a multidimensional regional integration with political, economic, and cultural perspectives. Programs and actions have been structured in a way that allows and promotes integral growth of Latin American citizens. For this reason, it is important to analyze in this chapter the opportunities that Alliance Pacific generates with respect to each of these three aspects. (1) Political and diplomatic implications like eliminating visa requirements for the members, sharing some embassies, facilitating labor mobility between these countries, and proposing the creation of a joint parliament. (2) Economic and trade implications with a gradual elimination of tariffs that will allow companies to be more competitive, creation of different government agencies in each country to support business and promote intra-regional trade of goods and services, and create a joint platform to promote innovation, entrepreneurship and gender equity. Finally, (3) Cultural and educational implications, as the creation of “Student and Academic Mobility Platform” of the Pacific Alliance with scholarships for students and researchers, the integration of a “Technical Education Group” to foster integration and social inclusion of children and adolescents, and the creation of “Sports Diplomacy Program” and a “Scientific Research Network on Climate Change.” Although there are still several challenges for improvement in the Pacific Alliance, it is an agreement that will bring stability, welfare, and development effects for the members of these countries.

The purpose of this chapter is to call for a better cohesion between development cooperation, on the one hand, and inclusive business, on the other. This contributes to the existing post recessionary debate on development cooperation, in which, (i) traditional aid and partnership effectiveness are being revised and, (ii) the role of the private sector in development is being emphasized. It builds on recent discussions that call for a more strategic use of development cooperation to leverage other development-oriented flows, particularly those coming from the private sector.

The chapter corresponds to a conceptual chapter. Results were obtained through the study and comparison of secondary sources and a literature review. It first explores donor-private sector relations, paying particular attention to the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and then moves on to the study of inclusive business in relation to development aid.

The study first reflects upon shifts perceived in development cooperation since the Great Recession, and analyses how foreign donors have engaged more widely with businesses for addressing global development challenges. The concept of inclusive business is then introduced, describing how although the development community acknowledges the potential of the private sector as a driving force for development, inclusive business have hitherto been developing, to a great extent, aside of broader development efforts. The final section presents a typology that proposes various ways in which donor agencies may integrate inclusive business support into their private sector programs.

The chapter is of use for both academics and practitioners with an interest in development cooperation and/or inclusive business.

Proposing a conceptual study that tends toward a greater cohesion between inclusive business and development cooperation is a contribution to the literature that has emerged on Base of the Pyramid markets since early 2000s. It is argued that such cohesion may prove valuable for the betterment of public-private relations, turning them more responsive to the challenges of sustainable development in the post-2015 world.

This study aims to expand tourism knowledge by analysing literature review articles published in English Web of Science (WOS) and Chinese China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) language journals and reviewing their influence, interconnection and trends.

A three-stage method was designed to understand the tourism research progress. Performance analysis identified the publication timeline, high-yielding journals and authors that published tourism literature reviews and frequently cited papers. Science mapping visualisation examined the intrinsic connections between co-authorship and co-institution. Finally, emerging trend analysis explored the topic modelling and evolution through Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and regression.

The key statistics and collaborations relationships of tourism literature reviews were traced. LDA identified 45 and 22 topics, which narrowed the barriers in tourism studies. The regression analysis divided these topics into “hot”, “fresh”, “bell-shaped” and “stable” patterns. These modes represent the progress of tourism studies. The topic “new emerging technologies and the internet” is the focus of tourism literature reviews published in both databases. Future research could pay more attention to the topics in the “hot” and “fresh” patterns. The results enrich the progress of tourism literature reviews and provide a direction for future research.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first literature analysis for tourism literature reviews published in WOS versus CNKI journals. The proposed three-stage systematic method is used for the first time for the literature review and can guide future research.

本研究旨在通过分析英文WOS和中文CNKI语言期刊上发表的文献综述文章, 回顾其影响、相互联系和趋势, 来扩大旅游知识体系。

本研究设计了一个三阶段方法来了解旅游研究进展。绩效分析确定了出版时间线、发表的旅游文献综述的高产期刊和作者以及经常被引用的文章。科学地图可视化审视了合作作者和合作机构之间的内在联系。最后, 新兴趋势分析通过潜在狄利克雷分配和回归探讨了主题建模和演变。

本文追踪了旅游文献综述的关键统计数据和合作情况。潜在狄利克雷分配确定了45个和22个主题, 这缩小了旅游研究中的研究缺口。回归分析将这些主题分为“热门”、“新鲜”、“钟形”和“稳定”模式。这些模式代表了旅游研究的进展。主题“新兴技术和互联网”是不同数据库中发表的旅游文献综述的焦点。未来的研究可以更多地关注“热门”和“新鲜”模式中的主题。研究结果丰富了旅游文献综述的进展, 为今后的研究提供了方向。

这项研究是首次对WOS与CNKI期刊上发表的旅游文献评论进行文献分析。所提出的三阶段系统方法首次用于文献综述, 可以指导未来的研究。

El objetivo de este estudio es ampliar el conocimiento turístico analizando los artículos de revisión documental publicados en revistas, tanto en la versión WOS en inglés cómo en CNKI China, y revisando sus efectos, interconexiones y tendencias.

Se ha diseñado el método de tres etapas para comprender el progreso de la investigación turística. El análisis del desempeño determinó la línea de tiempo de publicación, las revistas de alto rendimiento y los comentarios de la literatura turística publicados por los autores, así como los artículos citados con frecuencia. La visualización de los mapas científicos, examina los vínculos intrínsecos entre los autores colaboradores y las instituciones colaboradoras. Finalmente, el análisis de tendencias emergentes explora el modelado temático y la evolución a través de posibles asignaciones y regresiones de dilick-ray.

Se han analizado las estadísticas clave y las relaciones de cooperación de la revisión de la literatura turística. La asignación potencial de dilich-ray identifica 45 y 22 temas, lo que reduce las barreras en la investigación turística. El análisis de regresión divide estos temas en patrones “populares”, “novedosos”, “en forma de campana” y “estables”. Estos modelos representan el avance de la investigación turística. El tema “tecnologías emergentes e internet” es el foco de la revisión de la literatura turística publicada en diferentes bases de datos. La investigación futura puede centrarse más en temas en modelos “populares” y “novedosos”. Los resultados de la investigación enriquecen el progreso de la revisión de la literatura turística y proporcionan una dirección para futuras investigaciones.

El estudio es el primer análisis documental de los comentarios de la literatura turística publicados en las revistas WOS y CNKI. El método sistemático de tres etapas propuesto se utiliza por primera vez en la revisión documental y puede guiar futuras investigaciones.