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The purpose of this paper is to develop an empirical equation of SRB corrosion based on their metabolic species.

Solution containing SRB metabolic species was simulated using abiotic chemistry approach. Linear polarization technique was used to measure the corrosion rate of X52‐sample in simulated solution containing SRB metabolic products species. The curve obtained from LPR data was then fitted using multiple non‐linear regression method by Minitab 15^® software.

Statistical analysis shows that sulphide and sulphite have significant effect on the X52 corrosion rate.

Using abiotic chemistry approach, an empirical equation that considers SRB metabolic species has been developed. The equation could be used to predict carbon steel corrosion rate by SRB.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an equation for the synergistic corrosion of SRB and CO₂ based on the D-W model.

The bacterial types in the a and ß pipelines were studied by the most probable number method, and the corrosion morphology of L360 in pipeline water samples was studied by surface analysis. The corrosion rate of L360 was studied using the weight loss method. The gray correlation method was used to calculate the degree of correlation between the influencing factors of corrosion under the synergistic effect of CO₂ and SRB. The curve obtained from PIPESIM software and experiments data was then fitted using multiple non-linear regression method by MATLAB software.

The equation was used to predict the corrosion of the ß pipeline for verification, and it was found that seven out of ten excavation sites were within a 20% error range.

Using the gray correlation method, an equation that considers synergistic corrosion of SRB and CO₂ has been developed based on the D-W model. The equation could be used to predict the corrosion rate of shale gas gathering pipelines through SRB and CO₂ synergistic corrosion.

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a gram-negative predatory bacterium which can potentially inhibit microbiologically influenced corrosion by preying on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). However, no researches about the inhibition are reported according to the authors’ knowledge. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the Inhibition effect of B. bacteriovorus on the corrosion of X70 pipeline steel induced by SRB.

The effect of B. bacteriovorus on the growth of SRB was studied by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) and sulfate concentration in culture medium. X70 pipeline steel was used as the test material to investigate the anti-corrosion effect of B. bacteriovorus on SRB by conducting electrochemical analysis (including Tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy) and weight loss measurement.

B. bacteriovorus could inhibit the growth of SRB in culture medium by its predation on SRB, which led to decrease of OD600 value and increase of sulfate concentration. The results of electrochemical analysis indicated that B. bacteriovorus had positive inhibition efficiencies on SRB-induced corrosion of X70 pipeline steel. Moreover, corrosion rate of X70 pipeline steel was declined from 19.17 to 3.75 mg·dm-2·day-1 by the presence of B. bacteriovorus.

This is the first report about using B. bacteriovorus to inhibit the corrosion induced by SRB. Compared to other anti-corrosion methods, the microbial inhibition methods exhibit more considerable application value due to its low cost, high efficiency and non-pollution.

An attempt at unification of different groups of physical phenomena by use of cybernetic methodology in order to avoid a dualism in the formalism of Natural Self‐Regulating Systems (NRS) in now being carried out simultaneously by physics and cybernetics. A proposal is made of a unitary elaboration within a framework of cybernetic physics, which should concern not only events belonging to micro‐ and macro‐physics, but also those which are placed intermediately on the size scale, especially systems organized by the biogenesis phenomena and subjected to the laws of a “Meso‐physics”. The systems that result from this evolutively lend themselves to treatment within the framework of an organic branch, which would be a physics of systems endowed with a multihierarchized architecture and ultra‐complex structure.

The purpose of this work was to study the corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in the presence of sulphite.

The study was conducted in abiotic solutions containing species typical of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) metabolism. Electrochemical techniques, i.e. linear polarization resistance (LPR), potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were used to observe the corrosion kinetics and mechanism of X52 steel in the solution containing sulphite. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the corrosion products.

LPR and EIS results showed that the addition of sulphite ions to the abiotic solutions increased the rate of X52 steel corrosion. The increase of corrosion rate was due to the increase in the cathodic reaction in the presence of sulphite. It was also observed that sulphite thinned the protective FeS film and caused corrosive species to adsorb on the surface, resulting in an increase in corrosion rate.

This paper discusses the effects of sulphite on the corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in abiotic solution containing species typically produced by the SRB-type metabolic process. Irrespective of the presence of sulphide, sulphite is produced by SRB during their metabolic process. However, as far as is known, no published papers are available that discuss the effect of the presence of sulphite as one of the metabolic products of SRB.

Malnutrition is widespread and affects about one-third of humanity. Increasing production and consumption of vegetables is an obvious pathway to improve dietary diversity, nutrition and health. This chapter analyses how climate change is affecting vegetable production, with a special focus on the spread of insect pests and diseases. A thorough literature review was undertaken to assess current global vegetable production, the factors that affect the spread of diseases and insect pests, the implications caused by climate change, and how some of these constraints can be overcome. This study found that climate change combined with globalization, increased human mobility, and pathogen and vector evolution has increased the spread of invasive plant pathogens and other species with high fertility and dispersal. The ability to transfer genes from wild relatives into cultivated elite varieties accelerates the development of novel vegetable varieties. World Vegetable Center breeders have embarked on breeding for multiple disease resistance against a few important pathogens of global relevance and with large evolutionary potential, such as chili anthracnose and tomato bacterial wilt. The practical implications of this are that agronomic practices that enhance microbial diversity may suppress emerging plant pathogens through biological control. Grafting can effectively control soil-borne diseases and overcome abiotic stress. Biopesticides and natural enemies either alone or in combination can play a significant role in sustainable pathogen and insect pest management in vegetable production system. This chapter highlights the importance of integrated disease and pest management and the use of diverse production systems for enhanced resilience and sustainability of highly vulnerable, uniform cropping systems.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a pilot learning study (LS) comprising of three biology pre-service teachers (PSTs) in British Columbia, which took place during an initial teacher education (ITE) course and school-based practicum. The study explored PSTs’ learning experiences, and identified conditions that supported and challenged their engagement with the LS discourse.

Drawing from a variety of methods including teacher semi-structured interviews and reflective entries, the PSTs’ experiences of teaching and reflection were described and themes were constructed; course assignments, classroom materials, meeting notes and fieldnotes served triangulation purposes. Variation theory framed the LS and analysis of this case study.

Findings highlight how the PSTs developed comfort with the tension of making mistakes that supported their interpretation of classroom pedagogy and refining of instructional strategies. As the study alluded to how LS is “hard,” the PSTs demonstrated how positive experiences in the course-based cycle sustained their pursuit of learning despite challenges faced in the school-based practicum.

This small-scale study has limited generalizability.

Exposing PSTs to a variety of “mistakes” in ITE and to approach them not merely as ontological objects of pedagogical shortcomings are discussed together with factors that promoted teacher learning.

This study contributes to literature exploring the organization of LS within ITE, as situated in educational contexts where LS is unfamiliar and organizational structures are not readily in place to fully support its implementation.

This chapter deals with global sustainability, in its old and modern concepts, typologies, and theories. Most concepts of sustainability, we contend, are anthropocentric, a self-serving attitude that believes in the utmost superiority of man over the rest of the nonhuman universe, which seemingly privileges humans to use, extract, and exploit planetary resources for industrialization and infrastructure development and presumably lead to human growth and prosperity (the Anthropocene). The cost of this however is terrestrial depletion, deterioration, degradation, and decadence that manifest in the current global phenomena of global warming, global climate change, Arctic meltdowns, ocean acidity, massive deforestation, and global carbon footprints, which have collectively rendered human habitability on this earth drastically reduced and jeopardized. In this context, we review the timeline (1992–2022) of the United Nations' sustainability negotiations and accords, several nonanthropocentric and nonanthropomorphic conceptualizations of global sustainability such as Leopold Aldo's land ethic, deep ecology of Naess and associates, Thomas Berry's ecozoic ecology (updated by Spethmann). Combining the best nonanthropocentric developments, we propose a holistic concept of “natural sustainability,” more consonant with critical thinking, which mandates reduced or disciplined use of planetary resources such that Nature can regenerate and renew herself.

Natural sustainability advocates a more fruitful integrative ecozoic paradigm of “sustainability centrism,” which seeks cosmic sustainability of Mother Nature for herself as an end in herself, and we spell out its implications for organizational science and corporate responsibility as an extended global community.

This chapter runs into three parts. Part I: Major Sustainability Types versus Ecozoic Worldview of Cosmic Sustainability; Part II: Conceptualization of Natural Sustainability and Its Justification based on Environmental Ethics, Ecozoic Sustainability, and Deep Ecology; and Part III: Capturing Nature as Nature and Her Moral Imperatives for Understanding Natural Sustainability. Toward the end of this chapter, we also discuss managerial implications and directions for future research.

Considers that in ecosystem, landscape and global ecology, an energetics reading of ecological systems is an expression of a cybernetic, systemic and holistic approach. In ecosystem ecology, the Odumian paradigm emphasizes the concept of emergence, but it has not been accompanied by the creation of a method that fully respects the complexity of the objects studied. In landscape ecology, although the emergentist, multi‐level, triadic methodology of J.K. Feibleman and D.T. Campbell has gained acceptance, the importance of emergent properties is still undervalued. In global ecology, the Gaia hypothesis is an expression of an organicist metaphor, while the emergentist terminology used is incongruent with the underlying physicalist cybernetics. More generally, an analytico‐additional methodology and the reduction of the properties of ecosystems to the laws of physical chemistry render purely formal any assertion about the emergentist and holistic nature of the ecological systems studied.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the occurrence and risk of dispersion in the environment of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms from sanitary sewage sludge produced in two conventional wastewater treatment systems adopted in the West of the State of Paraná, Brazil.

The sludge samples were collected for three months from two wastewater treatment plants, totaling six sample points, and sent to the laboratory where the physical-chemical and biological determinations were performed.

This work made possible to find that the sludge produced in the sewage treatment plants presents potential risks related to the spread of microorganisms due to the occurrence of resistant isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. It was also possible to detect that the largest concentrations of metal ions in the sludge favored the occurrence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The occurrence of pathogens, heavy metals and other emerging pollutants in sewage indicates that the sludge requires proper treatment, to provide safe agricultural reuse or disposal.

The techniques applied for monitoring sludge were effective to check the risk of resistant microorganisms input into the environment. Studies concerning sewage treatment plants’ final effluents can bring additional data about the incorporation of such microorganisms into aquatic environments.

The results made possible to observe the need to provide post-treatment for the sludge, especially of the sludge obtained from the anaerobic fluidized bed reactor, since the removal of pathogens, as well as the nutrients, is not satisfactory.