Accounts

, 109

Accuracy

, 105

Action groups

, 9

Active biases

, 47

Addis Ababa Action Agenda 2015

, 68, 71, 89–90

Administration of promotions

, 120

Adopter bias

, 46–47

Advertisements

, 56, 112

Advertising

, 56, 112

After sales service

, 106

Agriculture

, 8

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

, 31

Bargaining power

, 97

Bi-lateral cross-border trade

, 90–91

Bi-lateral investment treaties

, 86

Bias

active, present and living biases

, 47

elite bias

, 46

male bias

, 46

person bias

, 45–46

project bias

, 45

in rural development

, 44–47

spatial bias

, 44–45

user and adopter bias

, 46–47

Brundtland Report

, 136

Build, Operate and Transfer basis (BOT)

, 74–75

Building Consumer Trust Through Responsible Marketing

, 111

Built-in prejudices

, 4

Business communities

, 112

Business ethics

, 59

Business information

, 108

Buy back system

, 22

Capacity building

, 90

Caveat emptor

, 55–56, 102–103, 131

Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States 1972

, 20

Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States 1974

, 136–137

Children’s personal data

, 116

Chile Agricultural Development Unit in Ethiopia

, 45

Christian Aid

, 43

Climate change

, 144

Climate system

, 145

Code of Advertising Practice

, 102

Code of Direct Selling

, 102

Codes

, 53

Codes of Conduct

, 53, 65, 102

Consolidated ICC Code of Advertising and Marketing Communication Practice 2011

, 54, 59

Draft UN Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations 1983

, 63, 65

ICC International Code of Environmental Advertising

, 62–63

International Code of Advertising Practice 1986

, 59, 61

International Code of Sales Promotion 1987

, 61–62

Collaboration

, 31

Colonial Development Act

, 16–17

Colonial legacy

, 30

Colonisation

of countries

, 83

of minds

, 83

Comilla Project in Bangladesh

, 45

Commanding heights–the Battle for the World Economy

, 33–34

Commercially reasonable manner

, 108

Communications

, 112

Comparisons

, 106

Complaints

, 107

Concept of development in the developed world

, 15–20

Conduct

towards consumers

, 104

towards direct sellers

, 108

Confederation of British Industries (CBI)

, 26

Consolidated ICC Code of Advertising and Marketing Communication Practice 2011

, 54, 59, 102

Consumer protection

, 3–4, 102

Consumers

, 51

Consumers Rights Act 2013

, 104–105

Consumption habits

, 5

Cooling off

, 107

Correlation between marketing and sales and capacity building

, 135–137

Countries

, 13

Credit worthy

, 79

De-colonisation

, 14–15, 17–18, 32, 83

De-colonised countries

, 13

Debt dependence

, 85–86

Decency

, 60, 114

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 1960

, 20

Definitions

, 13

Deforestation

, 149–150

Democracy

, 9

Demonstrations

, 105

Denigration

, 106

Deterioration of environment

, 135–137

Developed countries

, 13–15

Developers

, 16, 42, 153

Developing countries

, 13–15, 86, 88

principal causes of lack of public awareness of people in rural areas in

, 134–135

Development (see also Socio-economic developments)

, 1–2, 13, 81, 83–84, 148, 153

brief account of progression of concept

, 15–20

difficulties in defining international development

, 21–31

government in development process

, 32

of human capital

, 28

institution

, 36–38

obstacle to

, 32–35

period between 1940 and 1950

, 15–17

period between 1960 and 1970

, 17–20

programmes

, 82

and progress

, 20–21

Western World’s Perception of ‘Development’

, 85–86

Development as Freedom

, 23–24, 36–37

Digital divide

, 90

Digital marketing communication

, 124–129

Direct Marketing

, 57–58, 124, 129

Direct selling

, 103–110

Distribution network system

, 4

Do-gooders

, 43

Draft UN Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations 1983

, 63, 65

Dual economy–urban and rural

, 28

Earnings claims

, 109

Ecologically safe

, 63

Economic and Financial Committee of the League of Nations

, 92

Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC)

, 15–16, 84

Economic Consequences of Peace, The

, 24–25

Economic development of Latin America and principal problems

, 13

Economic liberalisation

, 24

Economic opportunities

, 37

Education

, 154

Elite bias

, 46

Engine of growth

, 90–91, 94

Environment and development: our common future

, 137

Environmental issues

, 129–131

Environmental protection

, 148

Equality in fact

, 94

Equality in law

, 92–93

Explanation

, 105

Exploitation of goodwill

, 106

External causes

, 153

Fair dealing

, 82

Fees

, 109

Female human resources

, 53

Finance

Addis Ababa Action Agenda

, 68–71

basic information on microfinance

, 71–73

evaluation of microfinance

, 76–78

microfinance at rural level

, 73–76

sources for rural marketing and development

, 67–68

from transnational corporations

, 68

Financial contributions

, 68

First UN Development Decade

, 84

Fonds d’Investissements pour le Developpement Économique et Social (FIDES)

, 16–17

Foreign investors

, 70–71

Free market

, 27

Fulfilment of orders

, 106

Functionalism

, 31

Gender equality

, 139–140

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

, 29–30, 92

General Assembly Resolution on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 1962

, 18

General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, The

, 25

Generalised Systems of Preferences (GSP)

, 91, 94

Gezira Scheme in Sudan

, 45

Global partnership

, 147

Good practice

, 102

Government in development process

, 32

Governmental participation

, 8–9

Governmental politics

, 47

Great Degeneration, The (Ferguson)

, 22

Greenhouse gases

, 145

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

, 22

Guarantees

, 106

of transparency

, 37

Havana Charter

, 92

Health

, 3–4

‘Heavily Indebted Poor Countries’ Fund

, 30

Heavy rainfall

, 8

Hidden poverty

, 44–45

Hindrances to rural development

, 41

bias in rural development

, 44–47

governmental politics

, 47

outsiders

, 42–44

professional biases

, 48

Honesty

, 60, 114

Human capital

, 22, 28

Human Development for Everyone

, 36

Human Development Report 2016

, 36–37

Human freedoms

, 36–37

Human resources development

, 153

Identification

, 105

Implementation

, 109

Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI)

, 34

Indigenous people

, 3, 5

Industrialisation of environment

, 135–137

Infrastructure

, 6

Innovations

, 27, 90

Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)

, 24

Institute of Directors (IOD)

, 26

Instruments

, 142–148

Integrity

, 108

Interests

, 51

Intermediaries, presentation to

, 122

Internal causes

, 153

International Bank for Re-Construction and Development (IBRD)

, 15–16

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

, 15–16

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

, 58–59, 112

Advertising and Marketing Communications Code 2018

, 112

analysis of code

, 113–118

definitions

, 103–110

direct marketing and digital marketing communication

, 124–129

environmental issues

, 129–131

International Code of Direct Selling 2013

, 102–103

International Code of Environmental Advertising

, 62–63

on Marketing and Advertising

, 101

Part II of the Code

, 118–122

purpose and scope of code

, 102–103

sponsorship

, 122–124

International Code of Advertising Practice 1986

, 59, 61

International Code of Sales Promotion 1987

, 61–62

International Convention on the Law of the Sea Convention 1982

, 136–137

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

, 112

International Development (Lanoszka)

, 22

International development, difficulties in defining

, 21–31

Adam Smith

, 24

Frederick A von Hayek

, 25–27

John Maynard Keynes

, 24–25

Sir W Arthur Lewis

, 27–28

Walt W Rostow

, 28–31

International Development Agency (IDA)

, 43

International Development Association (IDA)

, 15–16, 18, 23, 30

International Development Co-operation

, 89–90

International Development Strategy

, 85

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

, 77–78

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 15–16, 18, 29–30

International Trade in Development

, 90–95

Invented

, 82

Inventions

, 27

Inventory

, 109

Inward-looking strategy

, 86

Istanbul Declaration and Programme of Action

, 69

Keynes, John Maynard

, 24–25

Knowledge

, 43

Knowledge-based economy

, 21–22

Lack of awareness of alternative products

, 10

Laissez-faire doctrine

, 24, 26

League Covenant

, 16

League of Nations period

, 16

Legality

, 60

Lewis, Arthur Sir W

, 27–28

Limitations of micro-finance

, 19

Living biases

, 47

Male bias

, 46

Marketing

, 3–4

communications

, 56–57, 112, 115

communicators

, 117

and sales of products in rural areas

, 6

Meaning of Development, The

, 31

Measures

, 52

Micro-credit programmes

, 74

Microfinance

, 68

basic information on

, 71–73

evaluation

, 76–78

at rural level

, 73–76

Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX)

, 77–78

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 14

‘Modernisation’ theory

, 29–31

Most-favoured nation standard (MFN)

, 91–92

Mr Robert McNamara’s view on development

, 85

Multi-dimensional policies

, 7

Multi-lateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

, 15–16, 30, 71

Mutual preferential trading arrangements

, 93

Mwea Irrigation Settlement in Kenya

, 45

New International Economic Order (NIEO)

, 20

Non-governmental organisation

, 43

Non-misrepresentation of goods and services

, 3–4

Order forms

, 106

Outsiders

, 42, 44

Outward-looking strategy

, 86

Oxfam

, 43

Partners in Development

, 29

Payment and debt collection

, 107

Peace

, 86, 148

Pearson Report

, 29

People worthy

, 79

Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources

, 18, 20

Person bias

, 45–46

Personal data

, 116

Policy-makers

, 23, 71–72

Political freedom

, 37

Poverty

, 73

of environment

, 135–137

Poverty Curtain: Choices for the Third World, The (Ul Haq)

, 31

Prejudices

, 5, 41–42

Present biases

, 47

Presentation

, 120

to consumers

, 120

Price and credit terms

, 107

Privacy policy

, 117

Private foreign investors

, 86

Prize promotions, information in

, 121–122

Product, Price, Place and Promotion

, 5–6

Professional biases

, 48

Project bias

, 45

Promoters, particular obligations of

, 122

Promotional techniques

, 118–119

Protection and preservation of environment

, 133–134

instruments

, 142–148

poverty and deterioration and industrialisation and of environment

, 135–137

principal causes of lack of public awareness of people in rural areas in developing countries

, 134–135

sustainable development

, 137–142

Protective security

, 37

Public awareness

, 134

principal causes of lack of public awareness of people in rural areas in developing countries

, 134–135

‘Pull back’ factor

, 16

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

, 72–73

Recruiting

, 108

Referral selling

, 108

Regulatory measures

, 51

codes of conduct

, 53–65

for protecting consumers’ interests

, 52–53

Remuneration

, 109

Reservoir

, 145

Respect for Privacy

, 105

Responsibility

, 109, 122

Return of goods

, 107

Rio Declaration of 1992

, 20, 146

Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development 1992

, 146

Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek)

, 25–26

Rostow, Walt W

, 28–31

Rural areas

, 1–2, 51

basic characteristics of

, 6–8

Rural development (see also Hindrances to rural development)

, 1, 41, 52–53

Rural distribution networks

, 4

Rural level

, 73–76

Rural marketing

, 1–4, 6, 53

basic characteristics of rural areas

, 6–8

basic concepts

, 4–6

governmental participation

, 8–9

methods

, 3–4

rural consumers

, 9–10

rural distribution networks

, 4

and rural sales

, 5–6

rural tradition

, 5

sales and services

, 8–10

socio-economic development

, 95–96

Rural people

, 1, 5, 21, 41–42

Rural sales

, 5–6

Rural tradition

, 5

Rural transition

, 28–29

Rural values

, 56–57

Safety

and packaging

, 106

standards

, 3–4

and suitability

, 120

Sales promotions, principles governing

, 119

Science

, 90

Self-regulatory Codes of Conduct

, 102

Self-regulatory decisions

, 110

Seller Beware

, 103

Sharing of knowledge

, 89–90

SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (Samoa) Pathway

, 69

Sink

, 145

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 71

Smith, Adam

, 24

Social obligations

, 112

Social opportunities

, 37

Social pluralism

, 28

Social responsibility

, 60

Societal public awareness

, 134

Socio-economic development

, 14–15, 21–22, 42, 52, 85

developing country

, 86–88

process

, 1–2

rural marketing

, 95–96

UN Initiative for Socio-Economic Development in Developing Countries

, 88–95

Western World’s Perception of ‘Development’

, 85–86

Source

, 145

South-south cooperation

, 89–90

Sovereignty

, 36

Spatial bias

, 44–45

Sponsorship

, 122–124

Stages of economic growth

, 29

Stages of Economic Growth, The (Rostow)

, 28–29

Stockholm Conference (UN) on the Human Environment

, 20

Stockholm Declaration (1972)

, 142

Substantiation

, 109

Substitution of products

, 107

Sustainable development

, 137–142

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 14

‘Technologically enhanced’ marketing communications

, 112

Technology

, 22, 90, 112

Termination

, 109

Terms of offer

, 119

Testimonials

, 106

Theory of Economic Development (Schumpeter)

, 26–27

Theory of Economic Growth

, 27–28

Time

, 153

Trained indigenous people

, 23

Training

, 154

Treaty of Versailles

, 24–25

Truman Declaration of 1949

, 84

Truthfulness

, 60, 105, 114

UN Conference on Human Environment 1972

, 142

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

, 29–30

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)

, 141

UN Development Decade

, 18, 88

UN Development Programme (UNDP)

, 30, 36

UN Environmental Programme

, 141

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

, 141–142, 144, 1992

UN Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)

, 30

UN Initiative for Socio-Economic Development in Developing Countries

, 88–95

International Development Co-operation

, 89–90

International Trade in Development

, 90–95

science, technology, innovation and capacity building

, 90

UN Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)

, 85

Underdeveloped areas

, 82

Underdevelopment

, 82

Urban marketing

, 6

US Agency for International Development (USAID)

, 29

User bias

, 46–47

‘Value for money’ concept

, 118

Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024

, 69

Von Hayek, Frederick A

, 25–27

Western philosophy of development

, 14

Western World’s Perception of ‘Development’

, 85–86

Westernisation

, 1–2, 82–83, 86, 153

World Bank

, 15–16, 29–30

World Bank Group

, 43

World Charter for Nature 1982

, 143

World Federation of Direct Selling Associations (WFDSA)

, 102

World Health Organisation (WHO)

, 52

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

, 90