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Several recent incidents of highly publicized police misconduct in the United States have intensified interest in controlling police behavior. Administrative control of police use of force is difficult because police officers are often the primary and most credible witnesses to police misconduct, effectively giving them enforcement power over rules they are subject to; police cooperation as both rule followers and rule enforcers is necessary for effectively constraining police misconduct. The authors develop a framework for examining how organizational and institutional variables can affect individual decision making. Using this framework, the authors identify three avenues for reducing police misconduct – increasing the information generated by non-police sources, increasing the incentive for officers to cooperate with external enforcement efforts, and changing the expectations of officers regarding the attitudes and behaviors of their peers – and present a case study of Oakland California Police Department to illustrate the implications.

IN the year 1945 aircraft structural design had reached an advanced stage in this country, as judged by all previous standards. The needs of war and the vast expenditure on aircraft design and manufacture had unquestionably forced the pace of progress. On the other hand, war‐time conditions must inevitably have tended to produce an unbalanced growth. Expenditure of money and effort was accompanied by a no less drastic expenditure of technical capital, and really long‐term thinking was unavoidably put aside.

“Real‐time” enforcement has been the hallmark of Harvey Pitt’s tenure as Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC” or “Commission”). However, real‐time enforcement cannot succeed without real‐time knowledge of securities law violations. To foster early disclosure of possible wrongdoing, the SEC has emphasized the desirability of corporate cooperation through early self‐detection, self‐correction, and self‐reporting. Now, key provisions of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 will make such cooperation more likely, by changing some of the basic ways that corporate directors, officers, employees, accountants, and attorneys deal with each other.

Because of the physical size of the structural components of much chemical plant and the relative absence of standard construction modules, the choice of materials is generally limited by the requirement to reproduce the flexibility of design features which the plant engineer has come to expect from ‘conventional’ materials of construction. In order to comply with such requirements, the fabricator in re‐inforced plastics must, therefore, employ raw materials which offer him the greatest possible design freedom and this in turn demands: (a) Reinforcements which can be draped readily. (b) Resins which will completely bind the re‐inforcement together into a uniform, reproducible mass, and which will convert from the low viscosity (liquid) phase to the solid phase at temperatures which are readily attainable, and with little or no applied pressure.

AN attempt has been made to include most of the major aspects of the subject and to provide material for discussion by both maker and user of flexible pipe assemblies. Such an assembly is a complete unit consisting of both hose and end couplings for conveying liquids and gases between component parts of an airframe or engine under widely varying conditions.

CONSIDER a fuselage or wing structure in the form of a reinforced cylindrical tube. We shall base our analysis of the equilibrium conditions of this structure upon the assumptions outlined in 2.6. In particular referring in the first place to a skin panel lying between adjacent stringers and rings, we remark that this panel carries only shear stresses and is free from external forces. It follows, as we have observed before, that this panel must therefore be in a state of uniform shearing and so must apply uniform shear flows at its lines of juncture with the adjacent panels and the reinforcing stringers and rings. The equilibrium conditions to be satisfied at a stringer‐skin joint are now clear. The panels adjacent to the stringer apply different, but uniform, shear flows, to the line of attachment. The reaction from the stringer is determined by the rate of variation of its end load, for this clearly gives the rate of load input into the stringer. Adopting a consistent sign convention for the shear flows in the several skin panels we can thus enunciate the following theorem:

The purpose of this paper is to explicate the influence of US national security approach on the Thai Government's national security, the criticisms on the US and Thai intelligence communities and ethical debates on national databases, including the introduction of the concepts of “spiritual computing” and Buddhism to the ethical aspect of intelligence databases.

The methodology of this paper is based on the interpretative approach which includes literature survey and interviews of the intelligence community (IC) in Thailand. The relevant literature survey consists of the literature on US intelligence databases for Homeland Security, criticisms of the IC, the ethical debate on national databases in the USA, the Thai National Security Council, ethical debates on the Internal Security Act and Computer Crime Act, Buddhism and “spiritual computing.”

The findings reflect that the US model of national security has significant influence on the Thai intelligence approach and application of IT for national security while both intelligence communities have similar intelligence problems and have raised ethical debates on violations of human rights.

The research limitations include the nature of the topic which is a closed subject under legal restrictions in Thailand so that the sources of official information could not be disclosed nor elaborated in details; and literature on this topic has not been widely available except unclassified information which limits a more in‐depth investigation and analysis.

The value of this paper lies in being the first attempt to throw light on a “forbidden” subject in Thailand by discussing the US experiences against the Thai case study. The application of “spiritual computing” and Buddhist precepts to the context of national security and intelligence databases could be a starting point for developing a “happier” and “successful” IC and possibly open a new approach to national security.

Platinised Titanium Anodes. Platinised titanium anodes have been developed and introduced for protection of condenser water boxes and the internal protection of pipelines.

Honest criticism is hard to take, particularly from a relative, a friend, an acquaintance, or a stranger. This idea came about because of the author′s involvement in a major training programme, to develop improved communications and sales skills for new employees, in a major UK group operating in the financial sector. Whilst working with this company, he became aware that the mechanisms for giving feedback paid little attention to the needs of programme recipients, or to the context in which the feedback was provided. To address these deficiencies, he started to read more of the material available in this area, and this led him to the conclusion that few of the training programmes he had worked on, in his formative years as a trainer and developer, provided effective feedback. Suggests a model which makes a clear distinction between positive and negative feedback, and between receiving feedback information directly (direct or intrinsic feedback) and indirectly (indirect or extrinsic feedback). Hopes to stimulate debate amongst fellow developers working in this area.

ALL‐METAL construction is much to the fore in many countries, in various forms; some engineers still cling to fabric as a covering, relying solely on structural members to take all the stresses, while others prefer taking full advantage of the use of metal throughout, including covering, both to obtain increased durability and to make the skin take its share of the load. It appears probable that, for important machines at least, the latter school is likely to predominate in the future. But it constitutes a much more difficult task if advantages are not to be attained at the expense of other qualities, such as small cost, low weight and ease of repair, to mention but a few. Some firms are working hard in France to arrive at a satisfactory solution of the problem; amongst them, Messrs. Weymann‐Lepère are noteworthy for their recent and strikingly original efforts.