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Climate change adaptation strategies are critical for long-term road infrastructure development (RID) because it is expected to put more land and transportation infrastructure at risk from stronger winds, more intense storms, and rising sea levels. Deformation and subsidence could occur if concrete pavements crumbled and asphalt roads softened due to higher temperatures, and changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation could have far-reaching consequences for the smooth operation of transportation networks. The developed world is primarily responsible for the carbon emissions that contribute to global warming, while less developed countries are insignificant. The African Union sees climate change as a major threat to the continent’s economic development and is working with member states and key organizations to address it. It is critical for developing countries to establish frameworks for detecting climate change risks, developing adaptation strategies, and implementing plans. The sustainable development plan (SRIP) is critical for protecting transportation networks from the effects of climate change. Sustainable development principles are critical for clarifying the proposed project’s relationships with the local and larger society, economy, ecosystems, and various institutions. The ability of a system or structure to recover from disruption while continuing to function and adapt to new circumstances is referred to as resilient infrastructure. Low-carbon infrastructure coexists with resilient infrastructure, and the pursuit of resilient infrastructure necessitates a reduction in the likelihood of failure, a lessening of the negative consequences when failures do occur, and a reduction in the time required to recover due to an increase in the facilities’ capacity to endure, adapt, and change. As part of the implementation process, RID experts must consider how climate change will impact transportation infrastructure. Risk assessment is a systematic method of looking for things that could go wrong, determining how bad they could be, and determining how likely they are to happen. Adaptable designs must include multiple measures to prevent system breakdowns. Climate change’s effects on road infrastructure, as well as rising sea levels, continue to jeopardize low-lying transportation infrastructure. Implementing SRIP necessitates the development of a climate change response mechanism.

Tourism is a rapidly growing economic sector that contributes significantly to national and local economies globally. Tourism growth in any destination largely depends on the weather and climate, considered prime factors affecting global tourist flows. Global South countries are said to be particularly vulnerable to climate change, owing to their limited adaptation capacity, placing them at greater risk of the impacts of climate change. This adaptive capacity is mainly attributed to a lack of capital intensity and technological flexibility, which is less effective than in developed countries. In addition to a lack of capacity to adjust to the direct hazards of climate change, developing countries are at additional risk due to their heavy reliance on economic sectors and resources sensitive to climate change, such as tourism. An enhanced understanding of climate change's impacts and adaptations to climate change is critical for determining strategic actions for tourism planning and development. This chapter provides a theoretical review of tourism and adaptation strategies, challenges and the dimensions of vulnerability in a tourism context, as well as the implications of climate change on tourism planning in the future. This chapter discusses the impact of climate change on tourism in the Global South, examining case studies and policy frameworks for adaptation and mitigation. It further explores opportunities for sustainable tourism development and partnerships for climate-resilient tourism. Overall, the chapter focuses on the challenges and opportunities for sustainable tourism in the Global South in the face of climate change.

This study investigates the impact of the Paris Agreement (and other factors) on carbon information disclosures to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP).

A sample of South African listed companies was selected and data analysed from 2013 to 2017. A random effect panel data model using SPSS was used to determine whether the Paris Agreement had an effect on carbon information disclosure.

The results indicate that (1) the Paris Agreement, as an example of an intergovernmental coordination initiative, is significant in creating awareness and increasing the carbon disclosures to the CDP. Furthermore, (2) in terms of the other factors examined, providing incentives for managing climate change and assessing climate risks further into the future improves disclosure quality, while no relationship was found between the CDP score and the approval by key management personnel.

This research examines CDP disclosures for an emerging market before and after the signing of the Paris Agreement.

This research shows the importance of supportive government policy. Furthermore, a commitment to climate change disclosure is manageable and achievable and needs to be implemented at the management level.

Climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic are complex and have multifaceted effects on countries in an unpredictable and unprecedented manner. While both COVID-19 and the climate crisis share similarities, they also have some notable differences. Being both systemic in nature with knock-on and cascading effects that propagate due to high connectedness of countries, COVID-19, however, presents imminent and directly visible dangers, while the risks from climate change are gradual, cumulative and often distributed dangers. Climate change has more significant medium and long-term impacts which are likely to worsen over time. There is no vaccine for climate change compared to COVID-19. In addition, those most affected by extreme climatic conditions have usually contributed the least to the root causes of the crisis. This is in fact the case of island economies. The chapter thus investigates into the vulnerability and resilience of 38 Small Islands Developing States (SIDs) to both shocks. Adopting a comprehensive conceptual framework and data on various indices from the literature and global databases, we assess the COVID-19 and climate change vulnerabilities of SIDs on multiple fronts. The results first reveal a higher vulnerability across all dimensions for the Pacific islands compared to the other islands in the sample. There is also evidence of a weak correlation between climate change risk and the COVID-19 pandemic confirming our premise that there are marked differences between these two shocks and their impacts on island communities.

Beyond the rhetoric of Nigeria's policymakers, there are multifaceted challenges threatening sustainable development (SD) in Nigeria under climate change (CC). To strengthen theory and practice, this chapter discusses SD under CC in Nigeria using SWOT analysis. The exploratory focus of this chapter made the qualitative research method, an interpretivist research paradigm, most appropriate. Data sourced from scholarly articles and other secondary resources were reviewed, integrated and synthesised using SWOT analysis. At the end of the SWOT analysis, four insights emerged. The strengths and opportunities of SD under CC include increased awareness and growing access to climate-friendly technologies, sustainable finance, climate-friendly agriculture, solar technologies and renewable energy solutions, among others. The weaknesses and threats include deforestation, unabated gas flaring, rising carbon emissions and exorbitant cost of climate-friendly technologies, among others. The chapter explicates the need for policymakers and regulatory agencies in Nigeria to consolidate the strengths, correct all weaknesses, harness opportunities and avert the looming threats of CC. The chapter contributes to the three themes of SD by affirming that CC comes with devastating consequences that evidently pose existential risks and threats to people, profits and the planet. Consequently, policymakers need to mobilise sufficient resources and capabilities for CC adaptation and mitigation to achieve SD in Nigeria.

Purpose: Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) seeks to support countries with technical and financial conditions. However, institutional and policy considerations are crucial for the effective implementation of climate-smart intervention that is meant to provide sustainable benefits to both men and women. This chapter looks at the issues that range while enforcing an integrated framework that can ensure cohesiveness and integration across the intricate gender-climate-agriculture nexus.

Methodology: The study was conducted by analysing various literature, government policies of multiple countries, UN reports, and case studies.

Findings: According to existing literature, India needs to adopt CSA that includes a gender lens. The migration of men from rural areas and a rise in the number of small and marginal holdings operated by female farmers disproportionately impact women from the adverse effects of climate change.

Significance: Women-led and gender-responsive CSA policies could promote local economies and increase the adaptability and resilience of Indian agriculture.

Climate change places significant pressure on the tourism sector by altering environmental and socio-economic conditions that influence tourist behaviour and the attractiveness of destinations. Rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns and the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events affect tourism supply and demand. On the supply side, climate change threatens tourism infrastructure, natural attractions, recreational opportunities and accessibility of destinations. Coastal destinations are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise and coastal flooding, which can damage tourism assets. On the demand side, changing climatic conditions alter visitor comfort levels, health risks and the seasonality of destinations, influencing tourists' choice of destinations. In addition, small island destinations face unnecessary risks due to their economic dependence on climate-sensitive activities such as beach and nature tourism. Adapting the tourism sector to climate change requires reducing vulnerability through diversification, green infrastructure, ecosystem conservation, community-based adaptation and policy support. Mitigating tourism's contribution to climate change requires minimising energy use, switching to renewable energy, improving efficiency, reducing long-haul flights and promoting sustainable consumption and production. Collective and concerted efforts by all stakeholders are needed to transition to a climate-resilient and low-carbon tourism sector that continues to provide socio-economic benefits while minimising its environmental footprint.

The main purpose of this chapter is to understand climate change disclosures to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) by discussing in the context of developed and emerging countries’ company cases. Therefore, companies have been selected from the Forbes Global (2000–2021) list by looking at their climate change disclosures in their official websites and their corporate reports. Climate change disclosures have been discussed based on impression management perspective. The results of the study are that some of the tactics used in the reports are at a level that can affect the stakeholders of the enterprises. Therefore, it has been observed that climate change and the steps taken in the issue of climate change are at the top of the priority lists of companies in these four countries. This study is valuable to understand how country perspective changes in climate change disclosures to enhance SDGs by implementing impression management tactics.

Gender inequalities and climate change are global problems that concern the whole world. These two basic questions also have intersections with each other. Disruptions in natural life, usually due to human activities, lead to climate change over time. Climate change, on the other hand, deepens the already existing gender inequalities. Problems such as water scarcity, natural disasters, lack of access to clean water, and energy shortages are gender-responsive issues that affect women and men in different ways. All these factors, as supported in the literature, cause women to be in an even more disadvantageous position against climate change. One of the policy tools of states in the face of this problem is fiscal solutions. As a fiscal policy tool, government budgets can be used to eliminate the negative effects of climate change on women. This is called gender responsive climate budgeting (GRCB) in the literature. In order to apply GRCB, firstly sex-disaggregated data are required. In addition, institutional structures should be strengthened and strategic plans should be designed in a way that establishes the link between gender and climate change. This process should be carried out in a multistakeholder manner and the resources allocated for the financing of the problems should gain a gender-responsive structure.