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In order to keep the advantages of PM generators and eliminate its disadvantage – difficulty in regulating the magnetic field, hybrid excitation is an effective way. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel way to achieve hybrid excitation by use of tooth harmonic field.

Unlike weakening the tooth harmonics field and EMF in traditional machines, in this paper the tooth harmonics field is proposed to form a novel hybrid excitation permanent magnet synchronous generator (HEPMSG).

The generation mechanism of tooth harmonic electromotive force (EMF) of rotor winding is introduced, and its influencing factors are discussed in detail. The matching design of tooth harmonic winding and field winding for maximum output field current of tooth harmonic excitation system is analyzed.

This machine can achieve not only effective adjustment of the air-gap magnetic field, but also elimination of the brushes and slip rings.

Unlike weakening the tooth harmonics field and EMF in traditional machines, in this paper the tooth harmonics filed is proposed to form a novel hybrid excitation PM synchronous generator. This machine can achieve not only effective adjustment of the air-gap magnetic field, but also elimination of the brushes and slip rings.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel hybrid excitation permanent magnet synchronous generator (HEPMSG) utilizing tooth harmonic for excitation, the structural features and operation principle of which are also described.

To obtain the operation performance quickly, this paper derives the mathematical model of the machine system represented by circuit, and analyzes the operation mode of rectifier circuit in the tooth harmonic excitation system, then the standard state equations for each operation mode are obtained. Combining the inductance parameter of this machine with the load resistance and inductance, the armature current waveform, the field current waveform and tooth harmonic winding current waveform are obtained by using the numerical method to solve the standard state equation.

Comparing with the experimental results, the availability of the principle and the validity of the model of the machine system are verified.

This HEPMSG is a new brushless self-excited and self-regulated generator, which is suitable for an independent power source.

Unlike the existing hybrid excitation permanent magnet machine, this HEPMSG utilized the inherent tooth harmonic EMF of the rotor to adjust the air-gap magnetic field of the permanent magnet machine.

To promote the cultural communication and art appreciation of Inscriptions and calligraphy which are important cultural heritages in China, with a broad crowd base and educational appreciation value, by using digital humanities methods and technologies, the paper aims to discuss how to develop a new user-oriented knowledge base according to user needs for inscription rubbings research and appreciation.

The paper investigates user needs and current problems on the basis of status quo and summation of extensive service experience; validates the rationality of requirements and user scenarios with user research methods including focus groups, interviews and behavior observations; then designs and develops the technical solution of data process, knowledge base construction and service platform through experimental research methods based on agile project management.

The paper proposes a new reading mode for browsing and appreciation inscription rubbing works, a diverse knowledge-integrated knowledge organizational structure, a systematic user experience and service guiding framework which can be widely applicable to the development of other cultural heritage knowledge bases. Apart from that, the paper puts forward intelligent service development goals for the future.

The paper proposes a new reading mode with the overall functions and user experience design and development for browsing and appreciation inscription rubbing works, a diverse knowledge-integrated knowledge organizational structure, a systematic user experience and service guiding framework which can be widely applicable to the development of other cultural heritage knowledge bases. Apart from that, the paper puts forward intelligent service development goals for the future.

Concerning that limited explanation exists examining the function of corporate governance in trust processing within entrepreneurial network development, the purpose of this paper is to explore trust evolution and the role of corporate governance in an entrepreneurial network.

This paper makes an innovative exploration based on the case study of NVC Lighting Holding Limited.

It proposes that in the initial period of network relationship which is based on entrepreneur’s individual social network and embodies sole social network embeddness, entrepreneurial network relies more on affective trust than contractual trust. When stepping into extending period of network relationship which reflects separate embeddedness of social and market network, however, entrepreneurial network has an equal reliance on both affective trust and contractual trust. With further development, when ushering in the phase of maturity which undergoes superimposing embeddedness of both social and market network, entrepreneur network inclines to rely more heavily on affective trust than contractual trust. During the whole process, it can be found that the reliance of entrepreneurial network on trust has the tendency to transfer from affective trust to contractual trust. Furthermore, decreasing of equity ratio of founders and strengthening of controlling right heterogeneity in the corporate governance have facilitated the transfer process and the entrepreneurs’ authority has restraining effect on the evolution of the process.

Through case study, this paper presents the trust evolution process in different stages of entrepreneurial network. Another important theoretic contribution of this paper is that it reveals the function of corporate governance in trust processing within entrepreneurial network development.

Motivated by the real-world practice of the thriving e-commerce, manufacturers are transcending traditional boundaries of merely producing and selling directly by implementing encroachment. Concurrently, supply chain (SC) members who overlook the corporate social responsibility (CSR) sharing will be left behind, which is closely linked to their profits. This paper aims to investigate a better way to share CSR under the scenarios of manufacturer encroachment and no-encroachment.

This paper constructs game-theoretic models in a SC consisting of a manufacturer (M) and a retailer (R), where the manufacturer can sell products by retailing, and may sell directly by implicating encroachment. The manufacturer and retailer jointly consider whether to share CSR and the proportion of it by taking consumer surplus into account. Furthermore, equilibriums for each model are derived using backward induction. Then, the authors analyse the impact of CSR sharing proportion and compare the equilibrium outcomes under different scenarios. Finally, the numerical analyses are presented to verify the results.

Several interesting results are found in this paper. First, the retailer shares more CSR can benefit SC members and social welfare when the manufacturer does not implement encroachment. However, the results may change which is decided by the unit cost of encroachment when the manufacturer does so. Second, the proportion of CSR shared by manufacturer and the unit cost of encroachment has an interactive impact on equilibrium outcomes. Finally, both manufacturer encroachment and SC members share CSR may be the best for the perspective of SC members and consumers.

Based on the analytical results, this paper provides novel managerial implications to assist manufacturer and retailer in determining the optimal strategies for CSR sharing and encroachment. Furthermore, the appropriate proportion of CSR shared by manufacturer and the unit cost of encroachment may let manufacturer, retailer and consumer surplus achieve a win-win-win situation.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to explore the strategy of CSR sharing under the scenarios of manufacturer encroachment and no-encroachment.

The purpose of this paper is to simplify the computation of parameter estimation in the grey linear regression model and solve the problem that the development coefficient could not be computed in some sequence data, such as short‐term traffic flow.

Starting from the limitation that can be identified in the equation and analyzing the range using the method to estimate parameters, this paper researches the modelling mechanism and the other forms which are equivalent with the original form. At the same time, this paper gives an estimation method and gets the relationship in various forms and the relationship between the model and GM(1,1) model.

For the grey linear regression model, there exists a new method of parameter identification and three other forms as follows: the original form, the Whitenization equation and the connotation form.

The method of parameter identification exposed in the paper expanded the scope of the application of the grey linear regression model, and it can be used to model and forecast the urban road short‐time traffic flow.

This paper has solved some complicated problems such as the parameter estimation computation in the grey linear regression model. In addition, three kinds of representation forms of the model and its relationship between the model and GM(1,1) have also been presented. Finally, its application of the model in a short‐term traffic flow prediction has shown its superiority.

By comparing and contrasting the two scenarios of power producers investing in renewable energy and electricity sellers investing in renewable energy, we explore the conditions under which profit growth and carbon emission reduction can be realized, and provide a theoretical basis for decision-making on renewable energy investment by electric power companies as well as for government policy formulation.

This paper constructs a game model of a grid supply chain consisting of a leader generator and a follower seller in the context of the C&T mechanism, considering two scenarios in which the generator and the seller invest in renewable energy. Conclusions are drawn by comparing and analyzing the equilibrium solutions in different scenarios.

The scenario where electricity sellers invest in renewable energy exhibits a higher investment volume compared to the scenario involving power generators. In scenarios where power producers invest in renewable energy, electricity sellers achieve lower profits than power generators, while scenarios with electricity seller' investments yield higher profits for them. Increasing the cost coefficient of renewable energy investment reduces investment volume, electricity prices and electricity demand, leading to decreased profits for electricity seller but increased profits for power generator. A rise in the preference coefficient for renewable energy results in increased profits for electricity seller but decreased profits for power generator.

Addressing a literature gap in the context of low carbon, this study examines the investment scenario of electricity sellers in low carbon technologies, complementing existing research focused on power generators and consumers. The findings enrich knowledge in low carbon investment. By analyzing the investment decisions of both power producers and electricity sellers, this study explores the practical implications of renewable energy investments on the decision-making and operational dynamics of power supply chain enterprises. It sheds light on their profitability and investment strategies.