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This study aims to cover issues regarding traveling to a tourist destination which has seen war and terrorism. These problems can be addressed altogether, as they are interrelated. Based on tourists’ opinions, this paper aims to focus on measures or steps that can be taken to ensure changing their perceptions about a certain destination.

This study targets tourism experts for their opinions regarding the measures most necessary to change the perceptions of tourists. Their opinions were extracted through a questionnaire based on three criteria with four alternatives. Furthermore, raw data extracted are studied using the Fuzzy-VIKOR technique to rank the alternatives in order of importance. Moreover, the questionnaire also aims to know the perception of participants by asking them what would make them trust a destination with a history of terrorism.

The problems captivate the attention of government, guiding them to ensure that they need to focus more on physical security of tourists if they expect tourism industry to thrive. It was found that the steps needed to be taken are in the areas of international trade, cultural exchange programs and social media advertising.

Research based on improving tourist perception of Pakistan to develop Pakistan as a tourist destination is scarce. The study takes four different alternatives into account for image recovery and based on those alternatives, it provides a unique solution to the government in this regard with the necessary steps they need to take and attempts to help the government ensure tourism expansion in the country.

The consequences of a media-shaped perceptual destination attribute during the pandemic on a commitment to embrace and thread trip intent are explored in this research. The influence of four elements related to the choice of destination, involving reliability, strategic planning, health service, and friendly relationship on tourism performance expectancy are chosen depending on visitors' previous experience of a certain place, using the notion of psychological tourist satisfaction and an interactive personality questionnaire. Industry 4.0 paradigms are either viewed with skepticism or eagerness by organizations. Organizations that develop different innovative strategies to leverage the digital world doing and offering greater opportunity will certainly drive the evolution in tourism. Any revolutionary technology has the potential to benefit or harm enterprises. An Industry “4.0” data type depicts the technological transformation occurring inside a given business, from Industrial Revolution 4.0 to dealing with customers 4.0. However, one instance is Tourism 4.0. Social networking is not unique. Hospitality organizations, especially, must be acutely conscious of the customer's power as a result of social networking sites. The increase in security concerns by preventing the rate of cybercrime and by enhancing the secure money transactions in online reputation management consolidates the socioeconomic relationship. The comparative study has been propagated in relevance to the pre- and post-pandemic effects on the tourism industry.

Among the various factors influencing tourists to visit an overseas country is that of promotion/marketing activity by tourism operators and government tourist commissions in the destination country. The effects of tourism promotion have not previously been subjected to rigorous economic analysis however. The paper firstly shows how the standard economic justifications for government support of industry in circumstances of market failure, ie externalities/non appropriability of benefits, risk and uncertainty and indivisibilities, can be employed in the context of overseas tourism promotion to present a prima facie case for government support. It then provides an analysis of the benefits and costs of tourism promotion which is applicable to all countries. A model of tourism demand and supply is presented which enables consideration of the effects of tourism promotion in an economy with no distortions and an economy with distortions. The final section addresses issues in evaluating promotion and attempts to assess circumstances in which tourism promotion generates positive net benefits to an economy. Although the data apply to Australia, the results are generalizable. The framework of assessment can be used to assess the benefits and costs of tourism promotion in both developed and lesser developed countries.

In conventional discourses on sustainability, the relationship between economics and ecology is central. A number of nations' economies benefited from responsible tourism following these conferences. By supporting local businesses and attractions, ‘green’ tourism helps communities achieve their natural and cultural objectives while also preserving their limited resources. In terms of sustainable travel, Kerala was an early leader. This study looks at RT initiatives in various stages, with an emphasis on green tourism's sustainable responsible travel practises. The green economic development bottom line method was used for this descriptive research. These results highlight the difficulties inherent with RT implementation. Our review of secondary data shows that the first rollout of RT was unsuccessful, but that subsequent stages showed great promise. In order to create sustainable tourism on a worldwide scale, the study also highlights the necessity for more research in other culturally distant places.

The present paper aims to analyze how the performance of hotels located on the Spanish Mediterranean coast (peninsular and Balearic) and Canary coast is affected by the degree of business agglomeration in tourist districts. If agglomeration affects hotels positively, then the externalities generated in tourist districts will be relevant when locating an establishment. Otherwise, the reason why hotels group together geographically would be more related to the suitability of beaches as a tourist destination. The study also analyzes the impact that regions or autonomous communities have on hotel performance.

The hypotheses are tested by multiple linear regression in which hotel profitability acts as the dependent variable which can be explained by independent variables such as the greater or lesser agglomeration of tourist companies at the destination and the autonomous region where the hotel is located.

The results show that hotels situated at destinations with a higher degree of agglomeration are less profitable, probably due to the greater rivalry that exists among nearby competitors. However, in accordance with the theory of tourist districts, one could expect hotels located at destinations with a higher degree of agglomeration to be more profitable because of the greater externalities generated within the district. In this sense, it is possible that hotel location decisions were based more on the natural advantage model, where firms look for specialized inputs like beach or climate, than on production externalities models.

It was necessary to work with secondary information sources which contain no data about RevPar (revenue per available room) or GopPar (gross operating profit per available room), the hotel profitability measures most often used in research studies.

The paper could be useful for hotel companies, when they are deciding on a location, and for public administrations.

The present paper is original for several reasons. First, it is one of the first studies which applies the theory of industrial districts to the tourism sector, a line of research which is still in its early stages of development. Furthermore, the ISTAT methodology is applied for the first time to the identification of Spanish tourist districts. Also, various studies relate the degree of agglomeration to hotel profitability, but none so far have used the degree of company agglomeration within a tourist district, linking it to profitability.

This chapter is about how the tourism is revived and how it can be rebuilt in Asian and Pacific countries after the deadliest COVID-19 pandemic with facts and stats of prepandemic and postpandemic impacts on economies of Europe and Asia due to COVID-19. The pandemics are not new to the hospitality industry but this COVID-19 pandemic has changed the whole industry concepts, and several hotels have revived their products and protocols and redesigned them to cope with any pandemic in future. Family businesses hotels are the most affected stakeholders in the hospitality industry of Asia where the governments of different countries have provided the financial support to them to revive back. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the readers with the facts about the current scenario of the hospitality and tourism industry in Asian tourist destinations and how these countries have taken proper measures to face the future (Pandemic situations). The literature is based on prepandemic stats and the effects of COVID-19 on tourism industry during the existing phases of COVID-19 including the facts and available stats of Asia which will help in the understanding of how these countries are rebuilding the tourism industry in postpandemic situation.

This study aims to analyze the effects of COVID-19 on airlines, airports and the destination Andalusia. On that basis, the study has assessed the bankruptcy of some airlines, closure and reduction of the frequency of air routes, COVID-19 measures at airports by governments, etc., to adapt to new circumstances, be efficient and plan their resources according to the tourist demand.

A review of the relevant literature on the impact of COVID-19 on the aviation industry, airports and tourism sector are undertaken to understand the link between them. The paper begins by explaining the effects of the pandemic on the aviation industry and discusses its impact in the Andalusian region. Furthermore, this study uses secondary data from IATA, AENA, EUROCONTROL, INE, OAG, UNTWO, etc., to support research results.

The results of the effects of the pandemic in Andalusia are being devastating and this destination is heavily dependent on tourism. The drastic drop in flight frequencies at airports during the pandemic has caused an average decrease of −65% in passenger arrivals at airports until October 2020 that is 23 million passengers, too many passengers for the Andalusian economy, which depends mainly on the tourism sector.

The study contributes toward assessing the COVID-19 effects on the aviation industry and tourist destinations. Both sectors will re-emerge in the medium term and at different speeds in different regions. The contribution of this study is essential for managers and operators of airlines, airports and tourist destinations to make better future decisions.

COVID-19 对安达卢西亚旅游业和航空业的影响

本研究旨在分析COVID-19对航空公司、机场和目的地安达卢西亚的影响。在此基础上, 研究评估了部分航空公司破产、关闭和减少航线班次、政府在机场采取的COVID-19措施等, 以适应新形势, 提高效率, 按需规划资源。

审查了关于COVID-19对航空业、机场和旅游部门影响的相关文献, 以了解它们之间的联系。文章首先解释了这一流行病对航空业的影响, 并分析了其对安达卢西亚地区的影响。本研究采用IATA、AENA、EUROCONTROL、INE 、UNTWO、OAG等机构的二手数据来支持研究结果。

安达卢西亚大流行的影响结果是毁灭性的, 这个目的地严重依赖旅游业。大流行期间, 机场的航班频次急剧下降, 导致安达卢西亚6个机场到2020年10月的旅客数量平均下降了−65%, 即2300万人次, 对于主要依靠旅游业的安达卢西亚经济来说, 旅客数量太多。

该研究有助于评估COVID-19对航空业和旅游目的地的影响。这两个行业将在中期内重新崛起, 并且在不同地区以不同的速度发展。本研究的贡献对于航空公司、机场和旅游目的地的管理者和经营者来说是非常必要的, 可以让他们在未来做出更好的决策。

Los efectos del COVID-19 en el turismo y sector aéreo andaluz

Este estudio tiene la finalidad de analizar los efectos del COVID-19 en las aerolíneas, aeropuertos y el destino Andalucía. Sobre esta base, el estudio ha valorado la quiebra de algunas aerolíneas, el cierre y reducción de la frecuencia de rutas aéreas, las medidas COVID-19 en los aeropuertos por parte de los gobiernos, etc., con la finalidad de adaptarse a las nuevas circunstancias, ser eficientes y planificar sus recursos según la demanda.

Se realiza una revisión de la literatura relevante sobre el impacto del COVID-19 en la industria de la aviación, los aeropuertos y el sector turístico para comprender el vínculo entre ellos. El artículo comienza explicando los efectos de la pandemia en la industria de la aviación y analiza su impacto en la región de Andalucía. Este estudio utiliza datos secundarios de IATA, AENA, EUROCONTROL, INE, OAG, UNTWO, etc., para respaldar los resultados de la investigación.

Los resultados de los efectos de la pandemia en Andalucía están siendo devastadores y este destino depende en gran medida del turismo. La drástica caída de la frecuencia de vuelos en los aeropuertos durante la pandemia ha provocado un descenso medio del −65% en las llegadas de pasajeros en los seis aeropuertos andaluces hasta octubre de 2020, es decir, 23 millones de pasajeros, demasiados pasajeros para una economía andaluza que depende principalmente del sector turístico.

El estudio contribuye a evaluar los efectos del COVID-19 en el sector aéreo y los destinos turísticos. Ambos sectores resurgirán a medio plazo y a distintas velocidades en diferentes regiones. La contribución de este estudio es fundamental para que los gestores y operadores de aerolíneas, aeropuertos y destinos turísticos tomen mejores decisiones futuras.

COVID-19 has resulted in unprecedented changes in the tourism industry and brought tourists' safety and security issues more important. The travel and tourism competitiveness of India as a tourist destination ranked remarkably high in natural and cultural resources, and price competitiveness but relatively low in safety and security. The research aims to evaluate safe tourism in India with an objective view and suggest directions to restore confidence and restart tourism in India after the pandemic. The research studies on safe tourism are assessed, and the importance of safety and security issues in tourism is addressed. It also analyses India as a safe destination and suggests more focus should be on safety to consolidate the tourist destination image of India. A tourist safety framework composed of safety education, safety technology, safety system and safety regulation is suggested with a case study of South Korea. Focus on domestic tourism, a phased approach for safe tourism, 3S Indian campaign, and networks between public and private sectors are suggested for safe tourism in COVID-19. The research would provide a rationale for safe tourism in India and help government and tourism marketers develop policies, set standards or guidelines for tourists and plan coordination with other bodies or industries.

Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors and plays a key role for the economy of various countries. Tourism sector provides lot of opportunities and challenges to its stakeholders. Tourist's safety and security plays a vital role to increase the tourists to a location. Tourism policing plays an essential role to build destination image. Governments are making many efforts through tourism policing to protect the safety and security of the domestic and foreign tourist and also to handle overtourism and enhance responsible tourism. This paper analyses the importance of tourism policing to attract more tourists and its impact on tourist destination image building.

Iran has significant potential for an international tourism industry based on culture and heritage. However, the rich fusion of Persian and Islamic cultures that distinguishes Iran from the rest of the Middle East is not easily promoted for tourism internationally, mainly as a result of successive American and European attempts at forcing Iran's isolation since 1979. Given that Japan was a significant inbound and outbound market for Iranian tourism in the 1980s and is a close trading partner of the group of countries aligned against Iran at present, this chapter focuses on the recent development of the Iranian inbound tourism industry with the history and current status of the Japan–Iran tourism connection.