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In consideration of the needs of the growing numbers of Spanish-speaking emergent bilingual students in U.S. classrooms who are learning English as a new language, this study explores the teachers’ understanding of instructional practice using a specific pedagogical framework designed for emergent bilingual classroom contexts called Preview/View/Review (P/V/R). A constructivist and a translanguaging lens informed the theoretical framework for this study. One set of qualitative data from interviews was collected from a random sample of teachers who participated in a Master’s program in bilingual education in a border university in South Texas. Interview questions focused on the teachers’ reflections on the planning for and the implementation of the pedagogical structure P/V/R in their dual language contexts. Three findings arose from the data: (a) participants demonstrated an understanding of planning for and implementation of the P/V/R structure as a scaffold to build background knowledge of new concepts in the different disciplines; (b) the P/V/R structure has the potential to facilitate cross-linguistic transfer and the potential to be implemented as a form of translanguaging pedagogy; and (c) the implementation of a well-planned P/V/R structure enhances students’ engagement with the learning in two languages. One identifiable limitation of the study is the small size of the sample. In addition, classroom observations of the implementation of the structure are needed to mitigate the possible over-reporting of P/V/R as a good practice on the part of the teachers. Insights from this study inform teacher educators in teacher preparation programs who are preparing teachers for working with emergent bilingual learners and the professional development of all teachers, including those who teach in bilingual school contexts.

This paper sets out describe the creation of sustainable urban planning concepts based on optimized urban landscape functioning. It gives an account of the formation and transformation processes of natural and artificial streaming structures.

The paper examines the present‐day approaches to the environmental assessment and zoning of urban territories. This was achieved by creating the conceptual methodological basis for the assessment and classification of urban landscapes.

Based on an analysis of the urban planning development of the Moscow agglomeration, principles have been proposed for the shaping of sustainable urban planning structures – landscape planning that can be applied to the management of the territorial growth of large cities and urban agglomerations. First, the shaping and reconstruction of the city structure, including the structure of land management, as well as the mutual arrangement of functional areas, should be based on the need to preserve the axes – the lines and planes of mass, energy and information transfer of landscapes of various orders. Second, the order of preserved landscape axes depends on the organisational complexity of a territory. Third, assessment of the sustainability of the structure of a city and agglomeration should be based on the criteria of river systems along their borders, such as the quantity and composition of water, its temperature, retention of the annual functioning cycle and biodiversity. Finally, urban planning control regimes should be established across the entire city and they should be determined by the position of the territory in the city's landscape structure.

This work will provide a better understanding of integrated environmental systems to enable development of best management practices in the city of Moscow.

This chapter discusses the combination of structure plans and urban megaprojects. It shows the characteristics and shortcomings of this combination in different urban contexts, in Western as well as in emerging countries. The chapter draws on case studies of megaprojects and urban planning processes in different cities: Abu Dhabi, Milan, and others. This chapter suggests that the tensions between branded megaprojects and structure plans are not due only to economic, planning, and political constraints. The publicly stated rationale of this combination is to trigger and harness the real estate market in order not only to create private revenue, but also to contribute to the overall city development. In many cases, this rationale induced significant changes not only in terms of architectural design and financial arrangements of individual projects, but also in terms of the urban structure. Reflecting over current global trends in urban development, these findings seem relevant both for reconsidering the roles of architectural branding and the weakening of large-scale urban planning devices in Western cities and for allowing emerging countries to learn from past experiences in this field.

At a time when Michael Heseltine is proposing to undermine the authority of the structure plan in influencing local planning decisions, the authors of this paper find that it is the structure plan which offers most scope for a sane approach to retail planning. The existing system is one where there is either a lack of policy statements or where the plans are too limited in their scope, too localised to provide a sensible analysis of total retailing needs. This could have serious consequences for an industry so finely balanced, where the impact of new or redeveloped district centres has wide implications for the surrounding shopping centres.

The paper's purpose is to investigate the issues of IT governance, funding and structure of a public university in Malaysia.

The study uses a case study approach, i.e. a series of interviews with users and information services provider of campus information system.

The university lacks a common approach to decision making or forum for making comprehensive assessments of IT planning and funding strategy. The campus information system was developed in an uncoordinated manner, reflecting interests of different departmental units, and a decision support system is almost non‐existent. A new IT planning structure with clear roles and responsibilities is proposed to overcome existing barriers to effective campus information system.

This is the first study to investigate the issue of IT governance, funding and structure in Malaysian universities using a case study approach.

The relationship between organisation structure and strategic planning has been discussed by numerous authors. However, empirical studies of this relationship remain scarce. This article examines the interrelationship between strategic plan intensity and organisation structural factors through an empirical analysis to provide additional insights into this important relationship. Strategic plan intensity is defined as the degree to which an organisation uses a strategic plan to guide the actions and decisions of organisation members.

Reports on a comprehensive study of the real estate and facilities groups of 20 US organizations. Reviews character, growth, age, finance and structure for example. Offers facilities issues as critical in affecting investment decisions, operational efficiency and cultural attitudes, which in turn can create a comprehensive view of the corporate condition. Argues that this gives a broad view of the organization and insight for today′s needs and tomorrow′s limitations.

The implied assembly constraints of a computer-aided design (CAD) model (e.g. hierarchical constraints, geometric constraints and topological constraints) represent an important basis for product assembly sequence intelligent planning. Assembly prior knowledge contains factual assembly knowledge and experience assembly knowledge, which are important factors for assembly sequence intelligent planning. This paper aims to improve monotonous assembly sequence planning for a rigid product, intelligent planning of product assembly sequences based on spatio-temporal semantic knowledge is proposed.

A spatio-temporal semantic assembly information model is established. The internal data of the CAD model are accessed to extract spatio-temporal semantic assembly information. The knowledge system for assembly sequence intelligent planning is built using an ontology model. The assembly sequence for the sub-assembly and assembly is generated via attribute retrieval and rule reasoning of spatio-temporal semantic knowledge. The optimal assembly sequence is achieved via a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

The proposed spatio-temporal semantic information model and knowledge system can simultaneously express CAD model knowledge and prior knowledge for intelligent planning of product assembly sequences. Attribute retrieval and rule reasoning of spatio-temporal semantic knowledge can be used to generate product assembly sequences.

The assembly sequence intelligent planning example of linear motor highlights the validity of intelligent planning of product assembly sequences based on spatio-temporal semantic knowledge.

The spatio-temporal semantic information model and knowledge system are built to simultaneously express CAD model knowledge and assembly prior knowledge. The generation algorithm via attribute retrieval and rule reasoning of spatio-temporal semantic knowledge is given for intelligent planning of product assembly sequences in this paper. The proposed method is efficient because of the small search space.

A recent study of large European companies has surfaced some common concerns and issues. These firms seem to be focusing their efforts and attention on restructuring their organizations, improving their information and control systems, enhancing the effectiveness of their strategic planning process, and honing their managerial talents for strategic thinking.