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Our Dublin correspondent telegraphed last night:

This paper investigates the extent to which U.S. trade policies during 1922–1962 impacted the Pacific Rim economies differently from the rest of the world. Empirical analysis demonstrates that U.S. trade with the Pacific Rim had consistently higher tariff barriers than U.S. trade with the rest of the world among import-competitive manufactures. This paper then analyzes the reasons behind this phenomenon from both a political economy and a historical perspective. On both fronts, the Pacific Rim was at a disadvantage, and its higher barrier to trade with the United States was by no means historically accidental.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a short comment on the current US innovation concerns and a recent paper by Tom Abeles.

Extracts are given from the Business Trends Library showing the relationship of the advanced (post‐industrial) countries with the rest of the world. Insights are given into the rising importance of the multi‐national corporations.

The post‐industrial countries have overwhelming advantage over the rest of the world, with very different world development roles played by both sides. The multi‐national corporations act as the organs of transfer of technology to the less developed world.

The importance of how innovation and business development arises in the post industrials and how it is defused is shown.

This article assesses the impact of Cyprus' agreement of association on the development and maintenance of trade with the EEC and Britain. It begins with a description of Cyprus' economic and trading structure and the agreement of association. The analysis is carried out by examining the growth rates of trade to and from the EEC and Britain at an aggregate and disaggregated level. Comparisons are made between these and those for other Mediterranean and less‐developed countries. Ex‐post income elasticities are also examined in a similar way. The study concludes that the agreement hindered the development of trade between the EEC and Cyprus.

The purpose of this paper is to use a neoclassical factor pricing approach to carbon emissions, and consider whether the productivity of carbon emissions differs in Sub-Saharan Africa relative to the rest of the world.

Allowing for possible cross-country dependency and correlation in the effects of the factors of production on the level of gross domestic product per capita, the authors estimate the parameters of a cross-country net production function with carbon emissions as an input.

While there is a “Sub-Saharan Africa effect” whereby carbon emissions are less productive as an input relative to the rest of the world; practically it is equally productive relative to all other countries suggesting a unfavorable distributional impact if Sub-Saharan Africa were to implement carbon emissions reductions consistent with the Kyoto Protocol.

If global warming is not anthropogenic or caused by carbon emissions, the parameter estimates do not inform an optimal and equitable carbon emissions policy based upon Sub-Saharan Africans reducing their short-run living standards.

Fair and equitable global carbon emissions policies should aim to treat Sub-Saharan African countries in proportion to their carbon emissions, and not unfairly impose emissions constraints on them equal to that of countries in the industrialized west.

As Sub-Saharan Africa has a disproportionate number of individuals in the world living on less than one dollar a day, the results suggest “Black Africa” may not be able to afford being a “Green Africa.”

The results are the first to quantify the effects of carbon emissions restrictions on output and their distributional implications for Sub-Saharan Africa.

International business, environmental issues along with economic growth are the three of the most important aspects of development economics. One cannot deny the fact that a nation, in modern globalized world, cannot achieve high growth without getting into trade with rest of the world as well as without hurting the environment. Nations should not forget the fact that we are in the process of achieving Sustainable Development Goals which we have imposed upon ourselves for the sake of a safe world. BRICS nations are five such nations which not only account for more than 30% of the world's output but also have around 41% population. These features coupled with high growth rates of these nations make them the emerging economies with high chances to dominate the world economy in nearing decades. In this study, by the help of simultaneous equation model and panel data analysis, we have seen how far these three important issues are influenced by one another and related variables in these five nations. We have found that both gross domestic product (GDP) and trade-related variables have been influential upon one another. But these variables getting influenced by emission as well as influencing emission are areas of worries. Good economic growth coupled with safe environment in a globalized world is what we desire for which BRICS economies need to implement certain policies that would ensure their dominance in the world economy and save the environment.

Examines the economy of Southeast Asia during the period 1997 to 1999 against a background of socio‐economic theory and a transition from disequilibrium to general stable and equilibrium conditions. Discusses solutions towards establishing self‐regulating mechanisms needed for a free, just and stable economy and society: reform of officially organized securities commodities and foreign exchange makets; reform of the public budget and budgetary policies; and reform of the foreign exchange system and internaitonal commercial and financial relations.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the marketing strategy in China of the furnishing retailer IKEA in the context of standardisation and adaptation of marketing activities. IKEA's strategy in China is compared to its corporate strategy throughout the rest of the world.

The four P classifications are used as a framework to compare the central marketing strategies of IKEA with marketing strategies used in China. The paper builds on both primary and secondary data. Interviews with senior managers at IKEA are conducted and studies on business and retailing in China are used.

The marketing strategies used by IKEA in China are found to be different from the standardised strategies it uses throughout the rest of the world. Several of the changed strategies are central to the business concept of IKEA.

The present paper shows the challenges for a standardised marketing concept and its implications.

The paper provides, in the context of the standardisation and adaptation of marketing activities, a more nuanced and up‐to‐date picture of the strategies used by IKEA compared to previous studies.

Historically, Asia was known for its history of ancient civilizations, philosophies and religions, performing arts and exotic lifestyles, and of course, spicy culinary specialties. The rest of the world made tremendous efforts to discover this land of charm and mysticism. Asia, however, was not known for its economic scores. In general, the Asian economies were preindustrialized, traditional, and agricultural. The share of gross domestic product (GDP) from the agricultural sector was relatively large as the industrial revolution had yet to reach Asia. People farmed with primitive indigenous tools and the marginal productivity of labor was low. Hence, the income of the individual farmer, man or woman, remained insignificant and poverty was the overall end product. As late as the 1970s, ranking economists questioned if Asia beyond Japan could ever industrialize (Krugman, 1994; Lau and Kim, 1994). The doubt is no more. The historic success of the import–export-led growth model in the context of Asia has been robustly explained (Klein, 1990). The world now marvels at the success of Asia's industrial revolution.

This paper begins by outlining the basic attitudinal differences between the elite and the rest of society. Understanding these divergent views does not require resorting to arguments that reply upon error, ignorance, manipulation, or differences in individual character. Instead, both elites and others are correct in their understanding of these processes because they overgeneralize from their own experience. The major proposition of this paper is that if we compare the economic conditions of the average American and to that of the elite, we find that they are, in important ways, the inverse of one another. During times when Americans as a whole were experiencing economic advancement and mobility, elites were comparatively stagnant. And today, as most Americans are locked in place, elites observe tremendous mobility. The counter-cyclical character of the elite has important implications for our understanding of elite culture, and elite response to inequality and redistribution.