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This paper aims to focus on academics in three private foreign universities located in Cairo (Egypt) to explore the effect of organizational learning on individual-level resistance to change with and without the mediation of authentic leadership.

A total of 960 academics were contacted and all of them received a set of questionnaires. After four follow ups, a total of 576 responses were collected with a response rate of 60.00 per cent. The author used the chi-square test to determine the association between organizational learning and authentic leadership. Multiple regressions were used to show how much variation in individual-level resistance to change can be explained by organizational learning and authentic leadership.

The findings highlight a statistical association between organizational learning and authentic leadership. Moreover, another statistical association is explored between authentic leadership and individual-level resistance to change. Furthermore, the statistical analysis proved that having an authentic leadership in the workplace fosters the effect of organizational learning in alleviating individual’s resistance to change.

Data were collected only from academics and did not include rectors and/or heads of academic departments, the matter that may lead to an inflation of statistical relationships. Future research could use a double source method. Moreover, focusing only on private foreign universities working in Egypt diminishes the author’s potential for generalizing his results.

The author recommends establishing a unit for knowledge management inside every university. The function of this unit includes but is not limited to examining prospective socio-political, cultural and economic changes/challenges in the surrounding environment and preparing the possible scenarios for dealing with them. This in turn should comprise involvement and learning opportunities for academics work in these universities. The suggested units should also organize monthly meetings between academics and representatives from different Egyptian sectors such as NGOs personnel, CEOs of private and public companies, environmentalists and politicians to address what change those actors seek universities to undertake to guide academics to fulfill their expectations.

This paper contributes by filling a gap in HR management and organization literature in the higher education sector, in which empirical studies on the relationship between organizational learning, authentic leadership and resistance to change have been limited until now.

Este artículo se centra en los académicos de tres universidades privadas extranjeras situadas en El Cairo (Egipto) para explorar el efecto del aprendizaje organizativo en la resistencia individual al cambio con y sin la mediación del liderazgo auténtico.

Se contactó con un total de 960 académicos. Se obtuvieron 576 respuestas válidas para un ratio de respuesta del 60%. Los autores usan el test chi-cuadrado para determinar la asociación entre el aprendizaje organizativo y el liderazgo auténtico. Se utilizaron regresiones múltiples para mostrar cuanta variación en la resistencia individual al cambio puede explicarse con el aprendizaje organizativo y el liderazgo auténtico.

Los resultados muestran una asociación estadística entre el aprendizaje organizativo y el liderazgo auténtico. También se explora la relación estadística entre el liderazgo auténtico y el nivel de resistencia individual al cambio. Más aún, el análisis estadístico muestra que un liderazgo auténtico favorece el efecto reductor del aprendizaje organizativo en la resistencia individual al cambio.

Los datos se obtuvieron exclusivamente de académicos, y no incluían rectores y/o directores de departamento, lo cual puede haber aumentado la significatividad estadística. La investigación futura puede utilizar un método con dos fuentes. Más aún, el foco en universidades extranjeras privadas que trabajan en Egipto puede afectar a la generalizabilidad de los resultados.

Los autores recomiendan establecer una unidad de gestión del conocimiento en cada universidad. La función de esta unidad incluye, pero no se limita a, examinar posibles cambios/retos socio-políticos, culturales y económicos en el entorno, y a preparar posibles escenarios para afrontarlos. Esto a su vez debe comprender la identificación de oportunidades de aprendizaje para los académicos en estas instituciones. Estas unidades deberían organizar reuniones mensuales entre los académicos y representantes de diferentes sectores Egipcios tales como personal de ONGs, directores de empresas públicas y privadas, activistas por el medioambiente y políticos para identificar sus necesidades y los cambios necesarios en la universidades para abordarlos.

Este trabajo contribuye a rellenar una ausencia en la literatura sobre organización y gestión de recursos humanos en la educación superior, en la que hasta la fecha no existían estudio sobre la relación entre el aprendizaje organizativo, el liderazgo auténtico y la resistencia al cambio.

Este artigo concentra-se em académicos de três universidades particulares estrangeiras localizadas no Cairo (Egito) para explorar o efeito do aprendizado organizacional na resistência em nível individual à mudança com e sem a mediação da liderança autêntica.

Um total de 960 acadêmicos foram contatados e todos receberam um conjunto de questionários. Após quatro acompanhamentos, um total de 576 respostas foram coletadas com uma taxa de resposta de 60%. O autor usou o teste do qui-quadrado para determinar a associação entre aprendizado organizacional e liderança autêntica. Se usou regressões múltiplas para mostrar quanta variação na resistência individual à mudança pode ser explicada pelo aprendizado organizacional e pela liderança autêntica.

Os resultados destacam uma associação estatística entre aprendizado organizacional e liderança autêntica. Outra associação estatística também é explorada entre liderança autêntica e resistência individual à mudança. Além disso, a análise estatística provou que ter uma liderança autêntica no local de trabalho promove o efeito do aprendizado organizacional na diminuição da resistência individual à mudança.

Os dados foram coletados apenas de acadêmicos e não incluíram reitores e/ou chefes de departamentos acadêmicos, o que pode levar a um aumento nas relações estatísticas. Pesquisas futuras poderiam usar um método com fonte dupla. Além disso, o foco apenas em universidades particulares estrangeiras que trabalham no Egito diminui o potencial do autor de generalizar seus resultados.

O autor recomenda o estabelecimento de uma unidade para a gestão do conhecimento em todas universidades. A função desta unidade inclui, entre outros, o exame de possíveis mudanças/desafios sócio-políticos, culturais e econômicos no ambiente circundante e a preparação dos cenários possíveis para lidar com eles. Por sua vez, isso deve incluir envolvimento e oportunidades de aprendizado para os acadêmicos trabalharem nessas universidades. As unidades sugeridas também devem organizar reuniões mensais entre acadêmicos e representantes de diferentes setores egípcios, como o pessoal de ONGs, diretores executivos de empresas públicas e privadas, ambientalistas e políticos para as mudanças que esses atores procuram nas universidades para orientar os acadêmicos a atender às suas expectativas.

Este artigo contribui preenchendo uma lacuna na literatura sobre gestão e organização de RH no setor de ensino superior, no qual estudos empíricos sobre a relação entre aprendizagem organizacional, liderança autêntica e resistência à mudança foram limitados até agora.

Since its inception, virtual reality (VR) technologies have been widely applied in the tourism industry, given their competitive advantages in offering users a novel experience that makes an artificial environment or scene feel like the real world. As a result, VR has been reported as a highly sought-after technology, as it can offer a new way to engage tourists and enhance their travel experience. However, the adoption of VR by senior tourists (who are one of the potential groups of tourists) is still relatively low in the tourism context. Against this backdrop, this study aims to respond to the deficiency in the literature by examining the impact of barriers that contribute to senior tourists’ resistance and scepticism towards VR in tourism.

Using a cross-sectional approach, the data for this study was collected from 600 eligible senior tourists through survey questionnaires. To obtain valid and reliable responses, a purposive sampling technique with screening criteria was undertaken in this study. Upon data cleaning, the data analysis was performed on 546 samples using statistical software packages such as SPSS and the AMOS covariance-based structural equation modelling technique.

Grounded on the innovation resistance theory, the outcome of this study put forward the significance of technical and psychological barriers in explaining senior tourists’ resistance and scepticism towards the use of VR in tourism. In particular, perceived risk, perceived incompatibility, technology anxiety, inertia and a lack of human interaction were found to be associated with senior tourists’ scepticism and resistance towards VR usage in tourism. However, perceived complexity was not found to have a significant relationship with resistance. Moreover, both scepticism and resistance were reported to influence non-adoption intentions on VR.

This study is one of the few studies that examined the less explored territory of the tourism literature concerning the non-adoption of contemporary innovation (i.e. VR technology) for virtual tourism purposes. Moreover, this study also focuses on the perspective of senior tourists, which represents a promising market segment in the tourism sector. This study successfully contributed to the existing literature by offering empirical insights and highlighting the barriers that lead to users’ scepticism and resistance towards using VR for tourism, which could directly influence their non-adoption intention and the success of virtual tourism.

自问世以来, 虚拟现实 (VR) 技术已在旅游业中得到广泛应用因为它在为用户提供新颖体验方面具有竞争优势, 使人工环境或场景感觉像真实世界。由于VR可以提供一种新的方式来吸引游客并提升他们的旅行体验, 它被视为一项备受追捧的科技。然而, 在旅游背景下, 老年游客（潜在游客群体之一）对 VR 的采用率仍然较低。在此背景下, 本研究旨在通过探究导致老年游客对VR旅游应用产生抵制和怀疑的原因来回应文献中的不足。

基于横断面方法, 本研究通过调查问卷从600名符合条件的老年游客中收集了数据。为了获得有效和可靠的答复, 本研究采用了具有筛选标准的目的抽样技术。数据清理后, 本研究使用SPSS等统计软件包和基于AMOS协方差的结构方程建模技术对546个样本进行了数据分析。

基于创新阻力理论, 本研究结果提出了技术和心理障碍在解释老年游客对VR旅游应用抵制和怀疑的重要性。具体而言, 感知风险、感知不相容性、技术焦虑、惰性和缺乏人际互动被发现与老年游客对VR旅游应用抵制和怀疑有关。然而, 本研究并未发现感知复杂性与VR旅游应用抵制有显着关系。此外, 怀疑和抵制都会影响 VR 的不采用意图。

此研究是为数不多探索了旅游文献中关于未将当代创新（即VR技术）用于旅游目的研究。此外, 这项研究侧重于老年游客（作为旅游业中一个有前景的细分市场）的视角。本研究成功地为现有文献做出了贡献, 提供了实证见解, 并强调了导致用户怀疑和抵制将VR用于旅游的障碍。这些障碍可以直接影响用户的不采用意图和虚拟旅游的成功。

Desde sus inicios, las tecnologías de realidad virtual (RV) se han aplicado ampliamente en el sector turístico, dadas sus ventajas competitivas al ofrecer a los usuarios una experiencia novedosa que hace que un entorno o escena artificial parezca el mundo real. Como resultado, la RV se ha considerado una tecnología muy solicitada, ya que puede ofrecer una nueva forma de involucrar a los turistas y mejorar su experiencia de viaje. Sin embargo, la adopción de la RV por parte de los turistas senior (que son uno de los grupos potenciales de turistas) aún es relativamente baja en el contexto del turismo. El presente estudio se propuso responder a este déficit en la literatura examinando el impacto de las barreras que contribuyen a la resistencia y el escepticismo de los turistas mayores hacia la RV en el turismo.

Utilizando un enfoque transversal, los datos para este estudio se recopilaron de 600 turistas de la tercera edad elegibles a través de una encuesta mediante cuestionario. Para obtener respuestas válidas y fiables, se llevó a cabo una técnica de muestreo intencional con criterios de selección. Una vez depurados los datos y eliminados los sujetos no válidos, se procedió a su análisis en una muestra de 546 individuos utilizando paquetes de software estadístico como SPSS y la técnica de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales basada en la covarianza AMOS.

En el marco de la teoría de la resistencia a la innovación, los resultados del estudio ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las barreras técnicas y psicológicas para explicar la resistencia y el escepticismo de los turistas de la tercera edad hacia el uso de la RV en el turismo. En concreto, el riesgo percibido, la incompatibilidad percibida, la ansiedad tecnológica, la inercia y la falta de interacción humana se asociaron con el escepticismo y la resistencia de los turistas mayores hacia el uso de la RV en el turismo. Sin embargo, no se encontró ninguna relación significativa entre la complejidad percibida y la resistencia. Además, tanto el escepticismo como la resistencia influyen en las intenciones de no adoptar la RV.

Este estudio es uno de los pocos que examinan el territorio menos explorado de la literatura turística en relación con la no adopción de la innovación contemporánea (es decir, la tecnología de RV) para fines de turismo virtual. Además, esta investigación también se centra en la perspectiva de los turistas senior, que representan un segmento de mercado prometedor en el sector turístico. El presente estudio contribuye con éxito a la literatura existente al ofrecer una perspectiva empírica y poner de relieve las barreras u obstáculos que provocan el escepticismo y la resistencia de los usuarios hacia el uso de la RV con fines turísticos, lo que podría influir directamente en su intención de no adopción y en el éxito del turismo virtual.

This paper aims to investigate the relationship of knowledge sharing with unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) and the potential augmenting effects of two factors: employees’ dispositional resistance to change and perceptions of organizational politics.

Quantitative data come from employees in a Mexican manufacturing organization. The hypotheses tests use hierarchical regression analysis.

Knowledge sharing increases the risk that employees engage in UPB. This effect is most salient when employees tend to resist organizational change or believe the organizational climate is highly political.

Organizations should discourage UPB with their ranks, and to do so, they must realize that employees’ likelihood to engage in it may be enhanced by their access to peer knowledge. Employees with such access may feel more confident that they can protect their organization against external scrutiny through such unethical means. This process can be activated by both personal and organizational factors that make UPB appear more desirable.

This study contributes to organizational research by providing a deeper understanding of the risk that employees will engage in UPB, according to the extent of their knowledge sharing. It also explicates when knowledge sharing might have the greatest impact, both for good and for ill.

Este artículo analiza la relación entre compartir conocimiento y el comportamiento pro-organizacional no ético (CPE), así como el potencial efecto amplificador de dos factores: la resistencia al cambio de los empleados y la percepción del clima político de la organización.

Se emplean datos cuantitativos procedentes de los empleados de una organización manufacturera mejicana. Las hipótesis se contrastan utilizando análisis de regresión jerárquico.

Compartir conocimiento aumenta el riesgo de que el empleado desarrolle CPE. Este efecto es mayor cuando los empleados muestran resistencia a los cambios organizativos o creen que el clima organizativo está altamente politizado.

Las organizaciones deben desincentivar el CPE, y para hacerlo deben comprender que la probabilidad de que ocurra aumenta con el acceso al conocimiento de otros compañeros. Los empleados con acceso a este conocimiento pueden percibir que pueden proteger a la organización frente al escrutinio externo por medio de este comportamiento no ético. Este proceso puede activarse tanto por factores personales como organizacionales que hagan la aparición de CPE más deseable.

Este estudio contribuye a la investigación proporcionando una comprensión más profunda del riesgo de que los empleados muestren CPE, en conexión con su grado de conocimiento compartido. También explica cuando compartir conocimiento puede tener un mayor impacto, para bien o para mal.

Este artigo analisa a relação entre compartilhar o conhecimento e comportamento pró-organizacional antiético (CPA), bem como o potencial efeito ampliador de dois fatores: a resistência a mudança de funcionários e a percepção do clima político da organização.

Dados quantitativos são utilizados por funcionários de uma organização de manufatura mexicana. As hipóteses são testadas usando análise de regressão hierárquica.

Resultados – Compartilhar os resultados aumenta o risco de que o funcionário desenvolva o CPA. Esse efeito é maior quando os funcionários mostram resistência às mudanças organizacionais ou acreditam que o clima organizacional é altamente politizado.

As organizações devem desencorajar o CPA, e para isso devem entender que a probabilidade de isso acontecer aumenta com o acesso ao conhecimento de outros colegas. Os funcionários com acesso a esse conhecimento podem perceber que podem proteger a organização do escrutínio externo por meio desse comportamento antiético. Este processo pode ser ativado por fatores pessoais e organizacionais que tornam o surgimento de CPA mais desejável.

Este estudo contribui para a investigação, fornecendo uma compreensão mais profunda do risco que os funcionários exibem CPA, em conexão com o seu grau de conhecimento compartilhado. Também explica quando o compartilhar conhecimento pode ter um impacto maior, para melhor ou para pior.

There are many problems in civil or mechanical engineering related to structural design. In such a case, the solution techniques which lead to deterministic results are no longer valid due to the heuristic nature of design problems. The purpose of this paper is to propose a computational tool based on genetic algorithms, applied to the optimal design of cross-sections (solid tubes) of 3D truss structures.

The main feature of this genetic algorithm approach is the introduction of a selective-smart method developed in order to improve the convergence rate of large optimization problems. This selective genetic algorithm is based on a preliminary sensitivity analysis performed over each variable, in order to reduce the search space of the evolutionary process. In order to account for the optimization of the total weight, the displacement (of a specific section) and the internal stresses distribution of the structure a multiobjective optimization function was proposed.

The numerical results presented in this paper show a significant improvement in the convergence rate as well as an important reduction in the relative error, compared to the exact solution.

The variables sensitivity analysis put forward in this approach introduces a significant improvement in the convergence rate of the genetic algorithm proposed in this paper.

The aim of this article is to apply a re‐worked definition of ideology in order to account for cultural and political dimensions of contemporary armed conflicts.

The paper analyzes communiqués, press releases, magazines, pamphlets, speeches, interviews and other communicational media produced by insurgent organizations in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Colombia, particularly in the post‐Cold War, in order to assess the characteristics of their ideological platforms. The extensive use of these primary sources aims at revealing the way the organizations see themselves, and how important ideological warfare is in their overall strategy.

In the post‐Cold War, and even in the early twenty‐first century, armed guerrillas persisted in linking their armed struggle to ideological platforms, though in more flexible versions. Nationalism, fundamentalism and socialism are functional to their tactics and strategies, and have tangible effects at strategic and tactical levels.

Three sample cases have been revised exhaustively, but that methodology impedes the examination of a wider spectrum of post‐Cold War insurgent organizations, which may balance the results here presented. However, the high relevance of the ideological component in contemporary armed conflicts, as shown in the Afghan, Congolese and Colombian cases, demonstrates the need for further academic works on this topic.

Re‐defining ideology, as the paper proposes, turns it into a powerful conceptual tool to be used in academic research, given that precisely the absence of comprehensive categories of analysis has prevented scholars from providing a full picture of the political and cultural dimensions of contemporary armed conflicts.

As economic‐focused researches on armed conflicts have dominated the field since the 1990s, the paper underlines the need for scholars to approach a broader scope in peace studies.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a finite element formulation to approximate thermally coupled flows using both the Boussinesq and the low Mach number models with particular emphasis on the numerical implementation of the algorithm developed.

The formulation, that allows us to consider convection dominated problems using equal order interpolation for all the valuables of the problem, is based on the subgrid scale concept. The full Newton linearization strategy gives rise to monolithic treatment of the coupling of variables whereas some fixed point schemes permit the segregated treatment of velocity‐pressure and temperature. A relaxation scheme based on the Armijo rule has also been developed.

A full Newtown linearization turns out to be very efficient for steady‐state problems and very robust when it is combined with a line search strategy. A segregated treatment of velocity‐pressure and temperature happens to be more appropriate for transient problems.

A fractional step scheme, splitting also momentum and continuity equations, could be further analysed.

The results presented in the paper are useful to decide the solution strategy for a given problem.

The numerical implementation of a stabilized finite element approximation of thermally coupled flows is described. The implementation algorithm is developed considering several possibilities for the solution of the discrete nonlinear problem.

Disruptive retailing technologies improve productivity and cost optimization, but there is a lack of academic literature about their effects on shoppers’ perceptions and behaviors. This paper aims to develop and test a conceptual model regarding the effects of retail technology on store image and purchase intentions and to measure how human interaction services (HIS) moderate this relationship. Two relevant retail technologies are explored.

The results of this study indicate that retailing technology has notable influences on consumer perceptions. Thus, shopping technologies improve store image perceptions and increase purchase intention, moderated by HIS.

Future field experiments in actual stores should attempt to corroborate the results of this study and offer greater internal validity.

The results should help reduce retailers’ resistance to technology adoption. In-store technology can help retailers leverage their store image and increase purchase intentions. HIS could offer a bridge between consumers and new technology.

This paper is an original research paper, given that few research papers are experimentally based to measure consumer’s reactions to new technology implementation.

Las tecnologías disruptivas de ventas al por menor mejoran la productividad y la optimización de costes, pero hay una falta de literatura académica sobre los efectos de estas tecnologías en las percepciones y actitudes de los compradores. Este artículo desarrolla y prueba un modelo conceptual de los efectos de la tecnología minorista en la imagen de la tienda y las intenciones de compra y mide cómo los servicios de interacción humana moderaron las relaciones. Este artículo explora dos tecnologías comerciales relevantes para investigarlo.

Un total de 480 personas participaron en los tres experimentos en un laboratorio y utilizaron las etiquetas electrónicas de estanterías (ESL) y el carro inteligente de la misma manera que podían usarlo en las tiendas.

Los resultados indican que la tecnología de venta al por menor tiene influencias notables en las percepciones de los consumidores. Por lo tanto, las tecnologías de compra mejoran la percepción de la imagen de la tienda e incrementa la intención de compra moderada por los servicios de interacción humana.

Es una contribución original porque pocos trabajos de investigación se basan en experimentos para medir las reacciones de los consumidores debido a la implementación de la nueva tecnología.

Los experimentos de campo en tiendas reales deben intentar corroborar estos resultados y ofrecer una mayor validez interna.

Los resultados deberían ayudar a reducir la resistencia de los minoristas a su adopción. La tecnología en la tienda puede ayudar a los minoristas a aprovechar su imagen de tienda y aumentar las intenciones de compra. Los servicios de interacción humana podrían ser un puente entre los consumidores y las nuevas tecnologías.

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a time of crisis and uncertainty for the air transportation industry. The gloomy prospects for the industry have stretched business resilience to a critical point. The crisis has caused damage and shock that the aviation industry has never endured before. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of both internally and externally generated airline response strategies by examining business practices for crisis management.

This study screened research papers and economic reports from authoritative organizations including the International Air Transport Association, International Civil Aviation Organization, World Health Organization and United Nations World Tourism Organization from December 2019 (the month in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred) to March 2021 (the most recent month at present). The authors also integrated publicly recognized news articles to cover a wide range of business practices in the airline industry. The authors conducted thematic analysis by filtering news articles and economic reports that mentioned the keywords “COVID-19,” “pandemic,” “CoV-2,” “coronavirus” and “corona.” The authors coded the airlines’ response actions along the two-axis matrix (time and magnitude) and generated insights in a timely manner.

Major airlines have modified decision-making in relation to the exponential spread of the virus, which is in direct proportion to the deterioration level in the airline industry. When the impact was low in the early stage, major airlines maintained their status quo. Before long, the magnitude of the destruction became high, which made airlines implement capacity adjustments and request government relief measures. As industrial deterioration deepens, airlines keep calling for state aid packages and have changed their focus to the cargo transportation of high-demand commodities and pharmaceutical supplies. Lastly, industrial adversity and uncertainty have made them defer aggressive takeover opportunities.

Several researchers have investigated the impacts of the COVID-19 on the airline industry. However, there remains a dearth of scholarship on the hampered business activities and crisis management of the airline industry. In the absence of sufficient response strategies against the COVID-19 panic, this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the major airlines’ response strategies to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, this paper yields an opportunity for on-site management to review how major global airlines have responded to the crisis and find managerial insights to restore their business sustainability.

冠状病毒大流行引发了航空业的危机时刻和不确定性。 该行业前景黯淡, 业务弹性已达到临界点。 这场危机造成了航空业从未经历过的破坏和震惊。 在本文中, 我们通过检查用于危机管理的业务实践, 对内部和外部生成的航空公司响应策略提供了全面的了解。

我们的研究筛选了IATA, ICAO, WHO和UNWTO等权威组织从2019年12月（发生冠状病毒爆发的月份）到2021年3月（目前的最近一个月）的研究论文和经济报告。 我们还整合了公众认可的新闻报道, 以涵盖航空业的广泛业务实践。 我们通过过滤提及关键词“ COVID-19”, “大流行”, “ CoV-2”, “冠状病毒”的新闻文章和经济报告进行了主题分析。 我们沿两轴矩阵（时间和幅度）对航空公司的响应行动进行了编码, 并及时产生了我们的见解。

大型航空公司已根据行业恶化率修订了有关病毒指数传播的决定。 当最初的影响很小时, 主要航空公司保持现状。 很快, 损失变得如此严重, 以至于航空公司不得不调整机动性并要求政府救济。 随着航空业恶化的加剧, 航空公司继续呼吁国家提供援助计划, 以将重点转移到高需求商品和药品的运输上。 最后, 行业低迷和不确定性延迟了积极的收购机会。

几位研究人员调查了冠状病毒对航空业的影响。 但是, 对于航空业受阻的商业活动和危机管理, 仍然缺乏奖学金。 在没有足够的应对冠状病毒恐慌的应对策略的情况下, 本文旨在全面了解主要航空公司对冠状病毒恐慌的应对策略。 此外, 本文还为现场管理人员提供了一个机会, 可以回顾主要的全球航空公司如何应对危机并找到管理见解以恢复其业务可持续性。

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha desencadenado una época de crisis e incertidumbre para la industria del transporte aéreo. Las sombrías perspectivas para la industria han llevado la resistencia empresarial a un punto crítico. La crisis ha causado daños y conmociones que la industria de la aviación nunca antes había soportado. En este documento, proporcionamos una comprensión integral de las estrategias de respuesta de las aerolíneas generadas tanto interna como externamente mediante el examen de las prácticas comerciales para la gestión de crisis.

Nuestro estudio examinó los documentos de investigación y los informes económicos de organizaciones autoritarias, incluidas la IATA, la OMS y la ONUWTO, desde diciembre de 2019 (el mes en el que ocurrió el brote de COVID-19) hasta marzo de 2021 (el mes más reciente actualmente). También hemos integrado artículos de noticias reconocidos públicamente para cubrir una amplia gama de prácticas empresariales en la industria aeronáutica. Hemos realizado un análisis temático filtrando artículos de noticias y informes económicos que mencionaban las palabras clave “COVID-19”, “pandémica”, “CoV-2”, “coronavirus” y “corona”. Codificamos las acciones de respuesta de las compañías aéreas a lo largo de la matriz de dos eje (tiempo y magnitud) y generamos nuestras ideas en un momento oportuno.

Las principales aerolíneas han modificado la toma de decisiones en relación con la propagación exponencial del virus, que es directamente proporcional al nivel de deterioro de la industria aeronáutica. Cuando el impacto fue bajo en la etapa inicial, las principales aerolíneas mantuvieron su status quo. En poco tiempo, la magnitud de la destrucción se hizo alta, lo que hizo que las aerolíneas implementaran ajustes de capacidad y solicitaran medidas de socorro del gobierno. A medida que se profundiza el deterioro industrial, las aerolíneas siguen pidiendo paquetes de ayuda estatal y han cambiado su enfoque hacia el transporte de carga de productos básicos de alta demanda y suministros farmacéuticos. Por último, la adversidad y la incertidumbre industriales les han hecho posponer las oportunidades de adquisición agresivas.

Varios investigadores han investigado los impactos del COVID-19 en la industria de las aerolíneas. Sin embargo, sigue habiendo escasez de estudios sobre las actividades comerciales obstaculizadas y la gestión de crisis de la industria de las aerolíneas. En ausencia de estrategias de respuesta suficientes contra el pánico de COVID-19, este documento tiene como objetivo proporcionar una comprensión integral de las estrategias de respuesta de las principales aerolíneas a la pandemia de COVID-19. Además, este documento brinda una oportunidad para que la gerencia en el sitio revise cómo las principales aerolíneas mundiales han respondido a la crisis y encuentre información gerencial para restaurar la sostenibilidad de su negocio.

Over the past three decades, a small community of eighty-four Chilean low-income families has built and improved their home incrementally, without any technical assistance, showing an impressive performance. A six square meters bathroom on a serviced plot of land with individual connection to potable water, sewerage, electricity and access roads, worked as a starting point back in 1974. However particular their rationale may seem, the individual history of their housing process reveals some general regularities in occurrence and duration of self-build activities, as well as size and allocation of the domestic spaces. A small random sample of fifteen households was selected to tell the story and explain the whys, hows, and whens of an ever-evolving housing process. Semi-structured interviews and building surveys were both combined to reconstruct the sequence of states of each housing process, with the awareness of the characteristic imprecision of oral information transfer. Alternative states were explored by constraint programming methods and spatial qualitative reasoning. Considering the hard constraints over the site morphology and services allocation, the results of the exploration stress how extraordinary lucid and intuitive the surveyed families are when making their design decisions. The article exposes a reconstructive case study on spontaneous growth patterns underlying an unassisted, incremental self-build housing dynamics.