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The purpose of the study is to investigate and document a new approach to best practice benchmarking called rapid benchmarking. Rapid benchmarking is defined by the authors as an approach to dramatically shorten the typical length of time to conduct a successful best practice benchmarking project.

The methodology involved a case study exploration of a multinational dairy company's best practice benchmarking approach using structured interviews and data collection to examine the speed and results achieved through its benchmarking approach and whether it was justified in naming it as rapid benchmarking. A comparison of the speed of the dairy company's approach was undertaken against 24 other organisations that had utilised the same benchmarking methodology (TRADE Best Practice Benchmarking). In addition, a literature review was undertaken to search for other cases of rapid benchmarking and compare rapid benchmarking with other rapid improvement approaches.

The findings revealed that the approach used by the dairy company was unique, with best practices being identified and action plans signed off for deployment within a five-day period (far quicker than the average time of 211 days reported by other organisations). Key success factors for rapid benchmarking were found to be allocating five dedicated days for the benchmarking team to spend on the project, identifying the right team members for the project, obtaining sponsorship support for the project and providing intensive facilitation support through a benchmarking facilitator.

Only one company was found to use a rapid benchmarking approach; therefore, the findings are from one case study. The depth of analysis presented was restricted due to commercial sensitivity.

The rapid benchmarking approach is likely to be of great interest to practitioners, providing them with a new way of finding solutions and best practices to address challenges that need to be solved quickly or with minimal expense. For organisations that have been using benchmarking for many years, the research will enable them to re-evaluate their own benchmarking approach and consider if rapid benchmarking could be used for some projects, particularly for internal benchmarking where it is easier to apply.

This research is the first to identify and document a rapid benchmarking approach and the first to provide a detailed analysis of the length of time it takes to undertake best practice benchmarking projects (and each stage of a benchmarking project).

The purpose of this descriptive research article is to investigate current benchmarking practices (2001 to 2010) so as to determine new approaches which may transcend the traditional benchmarking model developed by Watson.

Previous generations of benchmarking have been developed and utilized in the last century. Watson's generational benchmarking model predicted that global benchmarking would encompass future benchmarking. Watson's Strategic Benchmarking: Reloaded with Six Sigma links Six Sigma strategies with strategic planning and benchmarking.

Most articles and dissertations reviewed indicate usage of existing benchmarking practices. The research also uncovered complementary approaches, including the Boyd Cycle, which underscores flexibility and speed, Six Sigma tools to implement significant business change decisions, the insights of Hoshin Kanri's philosophy of management, which fosters communication such that everyone in an organization is working toward a common goal, and “rapidmarking” of business improvements.

These approaches, while complementary, do not represent a “new generation” of benchmarking.

The value of this article comes from making the connection between the very beginnings of benchmarking techniques and the latest techniques in use today.

A geometric benchmark part is proposed, designed and fabricated for the performance evaluation of rapid prototyping machines/processes. The benchmark part incorporates key shapes and features of better‐known benchmark parts. It also includes new geometric features, such as freeform surfaces, certain mechanical features and pass‐fail features that are increasingly required or expected of RP processes/systems. The part is suitable for fabrication on a typical RP machines. In this paper, the application of the benchmark part is demonstrated using relatively common RP processes. The ability of the benchmark part to determine achievable geometric features and accuracy by the aforementioned RP processes is presented and discussed.

The research was undertaken to characterise the three dimensional printing (3DP) process in term of the achievable dimensional and geometric accuracy.

New benchmark models were developed that represent characteristics needing to be investigated. The parts were fabricated in different materials. A program was written to measure the features on a numerically controlled coordinate measurement machine. Finally, a statistical analysis was done. The results are reported in terms of statistical parameters and international tolerance (IT) grades.

The paper provides general IT grades of the 3DP process for parts printed using different materials (powders).

The research is limited to specific materials and equipment.

The data is very useful for designing products to be manufactured on 3DP machines applying either direct or indirect methods.

3DP is more and more used for rapid prototyping with great potential towards rapid manufacturing. Designers need to know the capability profile of the process they are going to use. There is a significant lack of published data on the 3DP process characteristics. This research was conducted to fill this gap and provide much needed accuracy information.

Intense competition forces companies to become involved in supply chain collaboration with their upstream and downstream partners. The key to ensuring that the participating members are progressing on the right track of creating the best‐in‐class practice is to conduct benchmarking. Benchmarking stimulates collective learning for performance improvement that brings benefits to all participating members. However, previous research has focused mainly on supply chain benchmarking at the intra‐company ‐‐ rather than the inter‐company ‐‐ level. Inter‐company benchmarking requires a new perspective for understanding collaborative learning amongst the participating members that encourages them to improve supply chain performance as a whole. This research aims to develop a benchmarking scheme for supply chain collaboration that links collaborative performance metrics and collaborative enablers. The proposed benchmarking scheme can be used to examine the current status of supply chain collaboration among the participating members, identify performance gaps and systematize improvement initiatives.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the problems encountered and the solutions developed when using benchmarking and key performance indicators (KPIs) to monitor a major UK social house building innovation (change) programme. The innovation programme sought improvements to both the quality of the house product and the procurement process.

Benchmarking and KPIs were used to quantify performance and in‐depth case studies to identify underlying cause and effect relationships within the innovation programme.

The inherent competition between consortium members; the complexity of the relationship between the consortium and its strategic partner; the lack of an authoritative management control structure; and the rapidly changing nature of the UK social housing market all proved problematic to the development of a reliable and robust monitoring system. These problems were overcome by the development of multi‐dimensional benchmarking model that balanced the needs and aspirations of the individual organisations with the broader objectives of the consortium.

Whilst the research methodology provides insight into the factors that affected the performance of a major innovation programme its findings may not be representative of all projects.

The lessons learnt should assist those developing benchmarking models for multi‐client consortia.

The work reported in this paper describes an inclusive approach to benchmarking in which a multiple client group and their strategic partner sought to work together for shared gain. Very few papers have addressed this issue.

The purpose of this paper is to share with the solid freeform fabrication community a new procedure and benchmark geometries for evaluating SFF process capabilities. The procedure evaluates the range capability of various SFF and SFF‐based hybrid processes in producing rod and hole elements.

By following the procedure and using the appropriate combination of benchmark parts the user can determine the minimal rod and hole size capabilities of an SFF or SFF‐based process. Benchmark parts are designed to capture feature size limitations, build angle problems, and aspect ratio capabilities.

The geometries and procedure were found to work for evaluating simple rod and hole elements resulting from SFF‐based processes.

Future work could address slot and wall features using a similar procedure. Mechanical properties and performance of resulting parts are not within the scope of this procedure.

The procedure and benchmaking geometries could be employed for a range of scales down to the nano scale. The use of this procedure will lead to practical design inputs for the SFF‐based fabrication of components consisting of optimized lattice structures.

Limited published benchmarking procedures are available to the SFF community. This is the first systematic procedure proposed to evaluate SFF processes for “Rod” and “Hole” capabilities.

The purpose of this paper is to verify the feasibility and evaluate the dimensional accuracy of two rapid casting (RC) solutions based on 3D printing technology: investment casting starting from 3D‐printed starch patterns and the ZCast process for the production of cavities for light‐alloys castings.

Starting from the identification and design of a benchmark, technological prototypes were produced with the two RC processes. Measurements on a coordinate measuring machine allowed calculating the dimensional tolerances of the proposed technological chains. The predictive performances of computer aided engineering (CAE) software were verified when applied to the ZCast process modelling.

The research proved that both the investigated RC solutions are effective in obtaining cast technological prototypes in short times and with low costs, with dimensional tolerances that are completely consistent with metal casting processes.

The research assessed the feasibility and dimensional performances of two RC solutions, providing data that are extremely useful for the industrial application of the considered technologies.

The paper deals with experimental work on innovative techniques on which data are still lacking in literature. In particular, an original contribution to the determination of dimensional tolerances and the investigation on the predictive performances of commercial CAE software is provided.

The purpose of this paper is to optimize the mechanical performances of parts produced by the ZCast Direct Metal Casting process varying the thermal treatment parameters. Adopting the optimized settings, a specific dimensional evaluation is planned to calculate the international tolerance (IT) grade ensured by the process.

Cylindrical ZCast samples are manufactured and heat treated varying time and temperature. The baked parts underwent compression tests and the rupture surfaces are observed using the scanning electron microscopy. A regression analysis is performed on the results to optimize the baking process. For the dimensional assessment, a specific benchmark is designed, built and treated. It is measured before and after baking using a coordinate measuring machine and the results are processed to obtain the IT grade.

The results proved that in the heat treatment of ZCast parts time has a negligible effect on the compressive strength, whereas temperature can be optimized for best mechanical response. The IT grade is calculated for green and baked parts; separately in all three directions in space. Tolerance is proved to be fundamentally the same in every direction and independent on the heat treatment. The considered rapid casting process can be classified in IT15 grade.

The paper suggests an original approach to improve knowledge of the ZCast process. The study of the building phenomena is combined with macroscopic measurements to develop a solid understanding of the expected performances, which is fundamental in order to support the industrial application of the technology.

Test the detail resolution of fused deposition modeling (FDM) in the direct manufacture of rapid prototypes with textured surfaces.

A benchmark part carrying regular surface patterns with different feature sizes and aspect ratios has been manufactured on a FDM system with different build orientations. Layered parts have been inspected to detect the occurrence of quality defects on textured surfaces.

The experiments reveal the ability of currently available FDM systems to enhance prototype surfaces with form details on a millimeter scale. Results assist in identifying conditions which need to be satisfied in order to successfully reproduce generic texture geometries.

Although the testing method can be applied to any layered manufacturing technique, results are limited to a specific process, and may be influenced by technical improvements of commercial fabrication systems.

A first contribution is given to a full feasibility assessment of direct texturing, which potentially appears as more responsive and cost‐effective solution than current post‐finishing practices.

The paper proposes a systematic approach to the manufacture of textured parts by rapid prototyping techniques. The analysis of surface appearance in the presence of small‐scale form details adds a novel aspect to current approaches to performance benchmarking, which typically focus on form errors and roughness of plain surfaces.