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This study aims to validate a conceptual definition of airportscape and develop a multidimensional scale that integrates servicescape and service quality dimensions to comprehensively investigate airport service management. In addition, this study examines the structural relationships amongst airportscape, sense of place, airport image and destination image.

Covariance-based structural equation modelling has been used. This study has collected the responses from 1,189 Thai respondents who had their experience in an international airport in the past 12 months.

Key findings reveal the set of three airportscape attributes which positively influenced the air traveller’s perceived sense of place. Four other dimensions were found to positively influence the airport image. The results also suggested the positive relationships amongst sense of place, airport image and destination image. Sense of place strongly predicted the destination image and airport image and was found to be an important mediator of the relationship between airportscape dimension and perceived image variables.

This study validates the airportscape scale and introduces “sense of place”, a concept that has not been objectively investigated in the airport context, and in relation to tourism. The findings provide insights to airport managers and tourism authorities by examining areas that highlight an airport’s sense of place and representation of the destination. The study also strengthens the theoretical link between airport and tourism knowledge, by showing that the airport’s sense of place can strongly influence airport image and destination image. The result ascertains that the airport can be a representative of a destination through the creation of a sense of place.

本研究旨在確定機å ´景觀的概念性定義, 並開發一個將服åå ´景和服å品質維度整合在一起的多維尺度, 為機å ´的服å管理調查帶來全面性。此外, 研究還調查了機å ´景觀、地方感、機å ´形象和目的地形象之間的結構關係。

æ 用基於協方差的結構方程建模。本研究收集了曾在過去12個月中體驗過國際機å ´的1189名泰國受訪者的回答。

關é?µ結果揭示了三個機å ´景觀屬性的集合, 這些屬性對航空旅行者的感知地方感產生了ç©?極影響。 其他四個維度被發現對機å ´形象產生ç©?極影響。結果還表明, 地方感、機å ´形象和目的地形象之間存在正相關關係。地方感å¼·烈地預測了目的地形象和機å ´形象, 並被發現是機å ´景觀維度與感知形象變量之間關係的重要中介。

研究確定了機å ´景觀尺度, 並引入了“地方感”, 這是一個尚未在機å ´背景內和旅遊相關領域客觀研究的概念。研究結果é¡釋了突出機å ´地方感並代表目的地的項目和區域, 為機å ´管理者和旅遊當局提供洞察。研究還表明, 機å ´的地方感可以極大地影響機å ´形象和目的地形象, 從而加å¼·機å ´與旅遊認知之間的理論聯繫。研究結果發現, 通過構建地方感, 機å ´可以成為目的地的一個代表。

Este estudio tiene como objetivo validar una definición conceptual del paisaje aeroportuario y desarrollar una escala multidimensional que integre el paisaje de servicios y las dimensiones de la calidad del servicio con el fin de aportar exhaustividad a la investigación de gestión de servicios del aeropuerto. Además, el estudio examina las relaciones estructurales entre el paisaje aeroportuario, la percepción del lugar, la imagen del aeropuerto y la imagen del destino.

Se ha empleado el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales basado en covarianza. Este estudio ha recopilado las respuestas de 1.189 encuestados tailandeses que tuvieron su experiencia en un aeropuerto internacional en los últimos 12 meses.

Los hallazgos clave revelan el conjunto de tres atributos del paisaje del aeropuerto que influyeron positivamente en la percepción del sentido de lugar del viajero aéreo. Se encontró que otras cuatro dimensiones influyen positivamente en la imagen del aeropuerto. Los resultados también sugirieron las relaciones positivas entre el sentido de lugar, la imagen del aeropuerto y la imagen del destino. El sentido del lugar predijo fuertemente la imagen del destino y la imagen del aeropuerto, y se encontró que era un mediador importante de la relación entre la dimensión del paisaje del aeropuerto y las variables de la imagen percibida.

El estudio valida la escala del paisaje del aeropuerto e introduce la “percepción del lugar”, concepto que no ha sido investigado objetivamente en el contexto aeroportuario y en relación con el turismo. Los resultados proporcionan información a los gestores de los aeropuertos y a las autoridades turísticas al elaborar elementos y áreas que destacan el sentido del lugar del aeropuerto y representan el destino. El estudio también refuerza el vínculo teórico entre el conocimiento del aeropuerto y el turismo, al mostrar que el sentido del lugar del aeropuerto puede influir fuertemente en la imagen de este y en la imagen del destino. El resultado demuestra que el aeropuerto puede ser representativo de un destino a través de la creación de un paisaje.

Underpinned by three-factor theory, this study aims to: examine the dynamics (asymmetry) of multi-quality low-carbon attributes towards the Thai tourists’ perception and prioritise carbon-tourism attributes on the basis of impact-range performance and asymmetric analysis.

The study applies a multi-method approach to derive the low-carbon tourism (LCT) items before conducting exploratory factor analysis to identify the underlying dimensions. Impact range performance analysis and impact asymmetry analysis were carried out to explore the asymmetric or symmetric relationship associated with tourists’ perception of LCT.

Findings reveal the three dimensions of the LCT attributes. Out of the 29 attributes, nine are regarded as “must-have” categories, such that tourists will be disappointed at the efforts of a low-carbon destination if these attributes are missing, but they will feel neutral if the attributes are present. Six LCT attributes fall into the “hybrid” category, such that tourists will appreciate if they perceive these attributes to be available for LCT and feel disappointed if these attributes are not or poorly offered. Fourteen attributes are considered under the “value-added” category, meaning tourists will only appreciate if they encounter these attributes at the destination, and the lack thereof will not cause any dissatisfaction or negative perception from tourists.

Through the multi-quality asymmetric analysis, the study provides deep insights into the degree of perception of the 29 LCT attributes. The study offers tangible guidelines to destination authorities and pinpoints the necessity to provide attributes, especially in the “hybrid” and “must-have” categories, to avoid tourists’ negative perceptions when they visit a low-carbon destination.

目的-本研究基于三因素理论, 旨在: 1) 探讨多质量低碳属性对泰国游客的积极认知的动态性（即非对称性）; 2) 基于影响范围性能和非对称分析确定低碳旅游属性的优先次序。

本研究在进行探索性因素分析以确定潜在维度之前, 采用了多方法途径推导出低碳旅游（LCT）项目。通过影响范围性能分析(IRPA)和影响非对称性分析(IAA) , 来探索与游客对LCT的积极认知相关的不对称或对称关系。

研究结果显示了LCT属性的三个维度。在29个属性中, 有9个被视为“必备”类别, 这意味着如果这些属性缺失, 游客就会对低碳旅游目的地的努力感到失望, 但如果这些属性存在, 则会保持中立。6个LCT属性属于"混合 “类别, 这意味着如果游客认为LCT有这些属性, 他们会很赞赏, 但如果没有这些属性或提供的属性不佳, 他们则会感到失望。14个属性被认为属于"增值 “类别, 这意味着游客只有在旅游目的地遇到这些属性时才会感到赞赏, 而缺乏这些属性则不会引起游客的不满或负面看法。

通过多质量非对称性分析, 本研究对理解29个LCT属性的认知程度提供了深刻的见解。该研究为旅游目的地管理机构提供了切实的指导, 并明确指出了提供属性的必要性, 特别是在"混合"和"必备"类别中, 以避免游客在前往低碳旅游目的地时产生负面看法。

El estudio aplica un enfoque multimétodo para obtener los elementos del turismo bajo en carbono (TBC) antes de realizar un análisis factorial exploratorio para identificar las dimensiones subyacentes. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de rendimiento del rango de impacto y un análisis de asimetría del impacto para explorar la relación asimétrica o simétrica asociada a la percepción de los turistas sobre el TBC.

Apoyándose en la teoría de los tres factores, el estudio pretende 1) examinar la dinámica (asimetría) de los atributos de baja emisión de carbono de múltiples calidades con respecto a la percepción de los turistas tailandeses y 2) priorizar los atributos del turismo de carbono sobre la base del rendimiento del rango de impacto y el análisis asimétrico.

Los resultados revelan las tres dimensiones de los atributos del turismo de carbono. De los 29 atributos, nueve se consideran categorías “imprescindibles”, de modo que los turistas se sentirán decepcionados por los esfuerzos de un destino con bajas emisiones de carbono si estos atributos faltan, pero se sentirán neutrales si los atributos están presentes. Seis atributos de los TBC entran en la categoría “híbrida”, de manera que los turistas apreciarán si perciben que estos atributos están disponibles para los TBC y se sentirán decepcionados si estos atributos no se ofrecen o se ofrecen de manera deficiente. Catorce atributos se consideran en la categoría de “valor añadido”, lo que significa que los turistas sólo apreciarán si encuentran estos atributos en el destino, y la falta de ellos no causará ninguna insatisfacción o percepción negativa por parte de los turistas.

A través del análisis asimétrico de la calidad múltiple, el estudio proporciona una visión profunda del grado de percepción de los 29 atributos del TBC. El estudio ofrece directrices tangibles a las autoridades de los destinos y señala la necesidad de proporcionar atributos, especialmente en las categorías “híbrida” e “imprescindible”, para evitar la percepción negativa de los turistas cuando visitan un destino con bajas emisiones de carbono.

This paper aims to assess the various impacts of tourism development in Chiang Mai on the local populace’s sense of well-being. The moderating effect of employment in and affiliation with the tourism industry on perception of tourism development is also examined.

A sequential explanatory mixed method design is adopted, beginning with the development of a conceptual model that links residents’ perceived impact of tourism development with their general and life domain-specific well-beings. The model is tested with a survey of 567 respondents who are long-term residents of Chiang Mai. The findings are subsequently used in the semi-structured in-depth interviews with selected tourism stakeholders to provide qualitative explanation and meaning to the data.

The results suggest a reciprocal relationship between perceived economic, cultural and environmental impact of tourism development and Chiang Mai residents’ general sense of well-being. It also revealed that community well-being and material well-being accounted the most and the least, respectively, on overall well-being for Chiang Mai residents. Another interesting observation was that Chiang Mai residents feel the same way about the various perceived impact of tourism development on overall sense of well-being, regardless of whether they are employed or affiliated with the tourism industry or otherwise.

With limited literature on the perceived impact of tourism development by residents in Asia, this research provides a Thai perspective of the said impact on general well-being. A sequential explanatory mixed method provides an added lens to induce insights and explain the results deduced from the earlier quantitative study.

The main objectives of this study are to (1) explore underlying components and attributes of travel applications that influence traveler usage intention and (2) investigate which contents should be prioritized to increase the efficiency of travel apps.

This study uses importance–performance map analysis (IPMA) with an innovative approach (i.e. generalized structured component analysis [GSCA]) to identify components and attributes that have relatively high and low significance for the target construct (i.e. travel app's usage intention).

An integrated model influenced by three components (i.e. entertainment, travel review and medical and emergency information is proposed to have an impact on travelers' intention to use travel apps). The IPMA results indicate that restaurant and shopping receive the utmost emphasis from Thai domestic tourists who use travel apps, and sports and attraction are regarded as less critical attributes.

The app content scales identified in this study can be used as a basic framework for app developers, service providers and tourism authorities to design a travel app. The IPMA results also help concerned practitioners to make decisions on which contents/attributes should be incorporated and improved.

This study implements IPMA using a GSCA estimator to present the standard results reporting on the path coefficients of each of the attributes of travel app services. The results not only contribute to the improvement of app features and services, but also suggest an innovative approach for generating pertinent IPMA results with GSCA, thus contributing to the theoretical and methodological advancement in hospitality and tourism areas.

This study aims to investigate the attitude and effects that community residents perceive the development of community market as a tourist attraction. The study examines the moderating role of the stages of the community life cycle, particularly the consolidation and stagnation stages, on the perceived tourism impacts concerning the community well-being.

Structural equation modelling using partial least squares analysis has been used in this study. This study has collected the responses from 852 respondents who are the residents of the 10 community markets in Thailand.

The key findings reveal that under the context of community markets, the economic factor, cultural factor and attitude of residents towards community market development have strong influences on community well-being, while the environmental factor does not show influence. Moreover, a deeper investigation on the stages of community development reveals various emphases on their impacts on the community well-being. The residents of the markets under the consolidation (early maturity) stage perceive the economic and cultural impacts to have more influence on well-being than the other stages, whereas residents of the markets under the stagnation (late maturity) stage perceive that the environmental factor and the attitude of having the community market have more influence. Although the findings that use the community life cycle as a moderating role do not yield significant results, they provide a preliminary understanding of how tourism stages shape the perception of residents on community well-being.

The findings provide insights into one type of domestic tourism, the community market, which is a common tourist attraction in Thailand. Community markets have not been particularly investigated in previous literature. This study is also among a handful works which apply the tourism life cycle as a moderating role to investigate the perception of residents towards the economic, cultural and environmental impacts on community well-being.

社区市场发展及其对居民幸福感和满意度的影响

本研究旨在探讨社区居民对社区市场作为旅游景点发展的态度和影响。该研究考察了社区生命周期各个阶段（尤其是巩固和停滞阶段）在感知旅游业对社区福祉的影响方面的调节作用。

已经采用了使用偏最小二乘分析的结构方程模型。这项研究收集了来自852个受访者的反馈, 这些受访者是泰国十个社区市场的居民。

主要发现表明, 在社区市场的背景下, 经济因素, 文化因素和居民对社区市场发展的态度对社区福祉有很大影响, 而环境因素则没有影响。此外, 对社区发展阶段的深入研究揭示了其对社区福祉的不同影响重点。处于巩固（早熟）阶段的市场居民认为经济和文化影响比其他阶段对幸福感的影响更大, 而处于停滞（成熟期）阶段的市场居民则认为环境因素和经济因素对健康的影响更大。拥有社区市场的态度更具影响力。尽管使用社区生命周期作为调节作用的发现并未产生重大结果, 但它们提供了对旅游阶段如何塑造居民对社区福祉的看法的初步了解。

研究结果提供了对国内旅游的一种类型的见解, 即社区市场, 这是泰国的常见旅游景点。以前的文献中并未对社区市场进行过特别的调查。这项研究也是少数工作之一, 可将旅游业的生命周期作为调节作用来调查居民对经济, 文化和环境对社区福祉的影响的看法。

El desarrollo del mercado comunitario y sus impactos sobre el bienestar y satisfacción de los residentes

Este estudio apunta a investigar la actitud y efectos que los residentes de la comunidad perciben en el desarrollo del mercado comunitario como una atracción turística. El estudio examina el rol moderativo de las fases del ciclo de vida de la comunidad, particularmente las fases de consolidación y estancamiento, sobre los impactos turísticos percibidos con respecto al bienestar de la comunidad.

Se empleó un modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales utilizando análisis parcial de mínimos cuadrados. Este estudio recolectó las respuestas de 852 entrevistados quienes son los residentes de las diez comunidades de mercado en Tailandia.

Los hallazgos claves revelan que bajo el contexto de las comunidades de mercado, el factor económico, cultural y actitud de los residentes hacia el desarrollo del mercado comunitario tiene fuertes influencias en el bienestar de la comunidad, mientras que el factor medioambiental no muestra influencia. Además, una investigación más ahondada en las fases del desarrollo de la comunidad revela varios énfasis en sus impactos sobre el bienestar de la comunidad. Los residentes de los mercados bajo la fase de consolidación (madurez temprana) perciben una mayor influencia de los impactos culturales y económicos sobre el bienestar con respecto a las otras fases, en donde los residentes de los mercados bajo la fase de estancamiento (madurez tardía) perciben que los factores medioambientales y la actitud de poseer una comunidad de mercado tienen una mayor influencia. Aunque los hallazgos que utilizan el ciclo de vida de la comunidad como un rol moderativo no conllevan resultados significativos, proveen una comprensión preliminar de cómo las etapas del turismo dan forma a la percepción de los residentes en el bienestar de la comunidad.

Los hallazgos proveen introspección hacia uno de los tipos de turismos domésticos, el mercado comunitario, el cual es una atracción turística común en Tailandia. Las mercados comunitarios no han sido particularmente investigados en la literatura previa. Este estudio se encuentra además entre una baraja de trabajos los cuáles podrían aplicar el ciclo de vida de turismo como un rol moderativo para investigar la percepción de residentes hacia los impactos económicos, culturales y medioambientales sobre el bienestar de la comunidad.

The temporary closure of Maya Bay – located at Phi Phi Le Island in Thailand’s Krabi province – was an executive decision made to overcome problems of “over-tourism” and degradation of the marine ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to assess the process of stakeholder engagement by the Thai authorities before they arrived at decisions on the closure of Maya Bay.

A multi-method qualitative research through in-depth interviews and netnography was designed to examine opinions of participants within the context of investigation.

The key findings revolve around the central research question of “how are stakeholders managed and consulted to overcome ‘over-tourism’ in Maya Bay?”. The research question can be sub-divided into three parts – the identification of “over-tourism,” the process of engaging and consulting with stakeholders on solutions to deal with “over-tourism,” and the final decision on selected approaches to overcome “over-tourism.”

The researchers draw upon the views from the five groups of stakeholders to propose recommendations on tackling “over-tourism” issues that local governments and destination management agencies might face. A business, residents, authorities, visitors and environmentalists (BRAVE) stakeholders framework is proposed by integrating five main stakeholder categories – businesses (B), residents (R), authorities (A), visitors (V) and environmentalists (E). This “BRAVE” stakeholders model is then used to assess the various stakeholders’ positions on the issue of “over-tourism” in Maya Bay, including a cost-benefit analysis in an “over-tourism” situation. Particular attention is placed on how different stakeholders work together and converge on a decision accepted by all.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between self-congruence and attendee engagement in explaining emotional attachment in the context of cultural events.

Structural equation modelling with partial least squares analysis has been applied. Data were collected from 421 respondents through an onsite survey during the Yi Peng and Loy Krathong festive week in Thailand.

The findings revealed that self-congruence (i.e. actual self-congruence and ideal self-congruence) has a positive influence on attendee engagement. When attendees' actual self and ideal self-match with the event image, they are more likely to actively engage in the event activities.

The findings offer insights into one type of events, the cultural event, which is a common event in Thailand. This study is also one among a handful works that investigates the moderating role of perceived crowding on the relationship between attendees' actual and ideal self-congruence and engagement with the event. Although the findings do not suggest a significant moderating effect, this study provides preliminary insight into how perceived crowding shapes the perception of tourists in a cultural event context.