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Article
Publication date: 31 August 2023

Bill Gerrard and Morten Kringstad

This paper focuses on the proliferation of empirical measures of competitive balance arising from its multi-dimensionality (i.e. win dispersion versus performance persistence)…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper focuses on the proliferation of empirical measures of competitive balance arising from its multi-dimensionality (i.e. win dispersion versus performance persistence), and the increasing complexity and specificity of league structures. This has led to significant inconsistencies in the assessments of competitive balance, rendering it difficult to derive policy recommendations.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors extend previous empirical studies of the four North American major leagues (i.e. MLB, NFL, NBA and NHL) using six competitive balance measures to (1) compare changes in competitive balance over the period 1960–2019; (2) to investigate the degree to which win dispersion and performance persistence move in the same direction; and (3) to explore the extent to which competitive balance has changed across facility construction eras and regulatory regimes.

Findings

The authors find that the assessment of competitive balance is both metric-dependent and time-dependent, reinforcing the importance of using a portfolio of measures rather than a single metric. The findings also highlight the importance of understanding the dispersion-persistence relationship.

Originality/value

The authors stress that leagues must be aware of a potential dispersion-persistence trade-off when intervening to improve competitive balance.

Details

Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, vol. 13 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2042-678X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 3 December 2021

Bill Gerrard and Morten Kringstad

The purpose of this paper is to address the problem of designing league regulatory mechanisms given the multi-dimensionality of competitive balance and the proliferation of…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address the problem of designing league regulatory mechanisms given the multi-dimensionality of competitive balance and the proliferation of empirical measures.

Design/methodology/approach

A three-stage approach is adopted. Firstly, a taxonomy of empirical measures of competitive balance is proposed, identifying two fundamental dimensions – win dispersion and performance persistence. Secondly, a simple two-team model of league competitive balance is used to explore the dispersion–persistence relationship. Third, correlation and regression analysis of seven empirical measures of competitive balance for the 18 best-attended top-tier domestic football leagues in Europe over the 10 seasons, 2008–2017, are used to (1) validate the proposed categorisation of empirical measures into two dimensions; and (2) investigate the nature of the dispersion–persistence relationship across leagues.

Findings

The simple model of league competitive balance implies a strong positive dispersion–persistence relationship when persistence effects increase for big-market teams relative to those for the small-market teams. However, the empirical evidence indicates that while leagues such as the Spanish La Liga exhibit a strong positive dispersion–persistence relationship, other leagues show little or no relationship, and some leagues, particularly, the English Premier League and top-tier divisions in Belgium and Netherlands, have a strong negative dispersion–persistence relationship. The key policy implication for leagues is the importance of understanding the direction and impact of dispersion and persistence effects on the demand for league products.

Originality/value

The variability in the strength and direction of the dispersion–persistence relationship across leagues is an important result that undermines the “one-size-fits-all” approach to designing league regulatory mechanisms.

Details

Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, vol. 12 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2042-678X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 24 May 2011

Dennis Chambers and Jeff Payne

The purpose of this paper is two‐fold: first, to examine whether the quality of accruals, as measured by accrual persistence, improved in the post‐Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) period, and…

3004

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is two‐fold: first, to examine whether the quality of accruals, as measured by accrual persistence, improved in the post‐Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) period, and second, to examine the degree to which SOX‐related improvement in accrual persistence varies across companies depending on the degree of their auditor's independence.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper compares accrual persistence in the pre‐ and post‐SOX periods to test the first question. Then, partitioning on relative client importance as a measure of auditor independence, the paper compares the SOX‐based improvement for clients of low and high independence audit firms.

Findings

The study first demonstrates that accrual persistence increased significantly in the post‐SOX period. The study also finds evidence that in the post‐SOX period, the subsample of companies audited by Big‐N auditors with lower‐independence experienced the greatest improvement in accrual persistence.

Originality/value

This is the first paper to evaluate SOX‐related improvements in the quality of earnings as measured by accrual persistence. Prior studies test abnormal accruals and other earnings management metrics, however, persistence is a more general test of financial statement quality. This study also is the first to compare SOX‐related improvements for clients of firms with differing levels of independence.

Details

Managerial Auditing Journal, vol. 26 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0268-6902

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 March 2002

Ahmed Riahi‐Belkaoui and Fouad K. Alnajjar

Summarizes previous research on the links between multinationality and earnings persistence and presents a study which applies the autoregressive, integrated, moving‐average time…

505

Abstract

Summarizes previous research on the links between multinationality and earnings persistence and presents a study which applies the autoregressive, integrated, moving‐average time series model to 1990‐1999 data on the largest US multinationals. Explains the methodology and presents the results, which show a negative relationship between the level of multinationality and earnings persistence measures. Puts this down to a negative link between multinationality and performance; and reduced risk through international diversification and profit stabilization.

Details

Managerial Finance, vol. 28 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0307-4358

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 2 December 2021

Joaquín Prieto

The author proposes analyzing the dynamics of income positions using dynamic panel ordered probit models. The author disentangles, simultaneously, the roles of state dependence…

Abstract

The author proposes analyzing the dynamics of income positions using dynamic panel ordered probit models. The author disentangles, simultaneously, the roles of state dependence and heterogeneity (observed and non-observed) in explaining income position persistence, such as poverty persistence and affluence persistence. The author applies the approach to Chile exploiting longitudinal data from the P-CASEN 2006–2009. First, the author finds that income position mobility at the bottom and the top of the income distribution is much higher than expected, showing signs that income mobility in the case of Chile might be connected to economic insecurity. Second, the observable individual characteristics have a much stronger impact than true state dependence to explain individuals’ current income position in the income distribution extremes.

Details

Research on Economic Inequality: Poverty, Inequality and Shocks
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80071-558-5

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 12 December 2007

Patrick Kuok-Kun Chu

This chapter examines the performance persistence evidences of pension fund managers who managed the constituent equity funds included in Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF…

Abstract

This chapter examines the performance persistence evidences of pension fund managers who managed the constituent equity funds included in Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) schemes over the period 2001–2004. Nonparametric two-way contingency table and parametric OLS regression analysis are employed to evaluate performance persistence. The evidence suggests that the raw returns, traditional Jensen alphas, and conditional Jensen alphas in the previous year possess predictive abilities. When the funds are classified into high-volatile and low-volatile samples, the high-volatile funds are found to possess stronger performance persistence. Neither hot-hand nor cold-hand phenomena are found in the equity funds managed by same investment manager.

Details

Asia-Pacific Financial Markets: Integration, Innovation and Challenges
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-7623-1471-3

Article
Publication date: 27 July 2012

Andrew Phiri

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate threshold effects in the persistence of South African aggregate inflation data.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate threshold effects in the persistence of South African aggregate inflation data.

Design/methodology/approach

The conventional approach for assessing the degree of persistence within an inflation process is via its integration properties. This study makes use of univariate threshold autoregressive (TAR) models and associated unit root testing procedures to investigate the integration properties of the inflation data. Out‐of‐sample forecasts are further performed for the TAR models and their linear counterparts.

Findings

The empirical results confirm threshold effects in the persistence of all employed aggregated measures of inflation, whereas such asymmetric effects are ambiguous for disaggregated inflation measures. None of the observed series is found to be stationary in their levels. The out‐of‐sample forecasts for all TAR models outperform their linear counterparts.

Practical implications

Given the scope of the study, the empirical analysis provides insight with concern to the performance of inflation subsequent to the adoption of the inflation target regime in South Africa. Of particular interest are the low persistence levels observed at inflation rates of below 4.7 and 4.4 percent for core and CPI inflation, respectively, as both these aggregated measures of inflation play an essential role in guiding monetary policy conduct within the economy. The overall findings imply that on an aggregate level, the South African Reserve Bank's (SARB's) current inflation target of 3‐6 percent encompasses a non‐stationary inflation range and thus proves to be restrictive on monetary policy conduct.

Originality/value

The paper fills in an important gap in the academic literature by evaluating asymmetric effects in the integration properties of inflation, at both aggregated and disaggregated levels, for the exclusive case of South Africa.

Article
Publication date: 3 April 2019

Fadillah Mansor, Naseem Al Rahahleh and M. Ishaq Bhatti

The purpose of this paper is to compare the return performance and persistence of ethical and conventional mutual funds during two extreme events, the Asian and the global…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the return performance and persistence of ethical and conventional mutual funds during two extreme events, the Asian and the global financial crises under Shariah constraints.

Design/methodology/approach

The overall sample comprises of 129 Islamic mutual funds (IMFs) and 350 conventional mutual funds (CMFs) in Malaysia, and the average monthly data cover two periods of market cycles, before and during a financial crisis. The net of all expenses data is obtained from the Morningstar Database. This study employs various market risk-adjusted performance measures (ratios) to estimate the funds’ overall performance during the crises, and then it uses CAPM model to estimate the parameters via panel data approach. Moreover, paper employs the two persistence performance measures on IMFs and CMFs through contingency tables. It tests for the performance persistence effects for IMFs, CMFs using repeat winner and the cross-product ratio (CPR) tests proposed by Malkiel (1995) and Brown and Goetzmann (1995), respectively.

Findings

The main findings of the paper are: on average, both funds IMF and the CMF outperform the market return during the entire sample period; none of the funds is better than the “others” during the financial crises and the pre-crisis periods; the ethical fund – IMF outperforms the CMF over the study period. This outcome also indicates that ethical funds are more persistent especially during and the pre-crisis AFC and the GFC periods.

Research limitations/implications

The finding of this study is limited to only Malaysian data because the objective was to guideline investors and market players in Malaysia to prefer investing in Islamic ethical funds to diversify their investment portfolio.

Practical implications

Cautions to use existing ratio measures and CAPM model rather persistence measures may be used with existing methodologies in light of extreme events which influenced investor decision making for better returns at lower risks.

Social implications

A class of ethical funds consists of religious sustainable, socially responsible and impact-investing (SRI) funds but Shariah implications of halal investment must be observed to avoid prohibited practices within the class of SRI funds.

Originality/value

The work done in this paper are original in the sense that the authors employed various ratios to measure fund performance in conjunction with CAPM model and then tested for two persistence performance measures; the repeat winner and CPR tests.

Details

International Journal of Managerial Finance, vol. 15 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1743-9132

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 6 June 2016

Jorge Juliao-Rossi and Jana Schmutzler

The purpose of this paper is to test the existence of true persistence in the generation and adoption of product innovations in the context of a developing country.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test the existence of true persistence in the generation and adoption of product innovations in the context of a developing country.

Design/methodology/approach

A dynamic probit model with random effects is used to test true persistence relying on a panel data set constructed from three waves of the Colombian innovation survey (Encuesta de Desarrollo e Innvovación Tecnológica) covering the time span from 2003 to 2008.

Findings

This paper empirically shows the existence of true innovation persistence for two of the three types of product innovation studied: the adoption of product innovation that is new to the firm; and the adoption of product innovation that is new to the national market. However, the study could not confirm true persistence in the generation of product innovation.

Originality/value

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that systematically tests innovation persistence differentiating between the adoption of innovations that are new to the firm and innovation that is new to the national market. It is also the first study in this research area that uses a dynamic probit model with random effects according to the original specification by Wooldridge (2005).

Propósito

En este trabajo se prueba la existencia de verdadera persistencia en la generación y adopción de innovaciones de productos en el contexto de un país en desarrollo.

Diseño/metodología

Para probar la existencia de verdadera persistencia se estima un modelo probit dinámico con efectos aleatorios utilizando tres cohortes de la Encuesta de Desarrollo e Innvovación Tecnológica (EDIT) que cubren el periodo de tiempo 2003-2008.

Resultados

Este trabajo muestra empíricamente la existencia de verdadera persistencia en dos de los tres tipos de innovación de productos estudiados: en i) la adopción de innovación de productos nuevo para la empresa, y ii) la adopción de innovación de productos nuevo para el mercado nacional. Sin embargo, el estudio no pudo confirmar la verdadera persistencia en la generación de innovación de productos.

Originalidad

Este es el primer estudio que evalúa sistemáticamente la persistencia en la innovación diferenciando entre la adopción de innovaciones que son nuevas para la empresa de las que lo son para el mercado nacional. También es el primer estudio en esta área de investigación que utiliza un modelo probit dinámico con efectos aleatorios de acuerdo con la especificación original de Wooldridge (2005).

Article
Publication date: 9 January 2024

Alejandra Parrao, Tomás Reyes, Alfonso Cruz and Kristel Schön Molina

Previous evidence has shown a generally positive relationship between continuously developed innovation, known as innovation persistence and employment growth in firms. This study…

Abstract

Purpose

Previous evidence has shown a generally positive relationship between continuously developed innovation, known as innovation persistence and employment growth in firms. This study investigates whether firm size moderates this relationship and how, considering persistent product and process innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors studied the influence of firm size on the relationship between innovation persistence and employment using a 10-year panel database of firms based on national innovation surveys. The authors consider firm size as sales and measure innovation persistence through the hazard rate of innovation spells. To assess the main model, they use a system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator.

Findings

The authors' main findings indicate that firm size negatively moderates the relationship between persistent innovation and employment growth. These results suggest that the positive effects of product and process persistent innovation on employment growth decrease as firm size increases. The authors also find evidence indicating that the moderator role of firm size is greater when firms innovate more persistently. Robustness tests with different specifications confirm the results.

Originality/value

The authors show that firm size negatively affects the strength of the relationship between innovation persistence and employment growth in product and process innovations. The authors also show that the moderator role of firm size is greater when firms are more persistent in generating product and process innovation. Additionally, using a panel dataset, they provide evidence from a sample of firms in a developing country where no studies on this matter have previously been conducted.

Details

International Journal of Emerging Markets, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1746-8809

Keywords

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