Search results

This paper aims to examine the applicability of real options methodology with respect to developing internal transfer pricing mechanisms. A pervasive theme in existing models is their inability to handle the dynamic and volatile nature of today’s business environment, as well as their lack of objective managerial flexibility. The authors address these and other issues and develop a transfer pricing mechanism based on Black–Scholes and the binomial options pricing methodology, which is better suited in today’s dynamic business environment.

The authors use a conceptual approach in developing theoretical justifications and show, practically, how a transfer price can be developed using two different real options pricing models.

The authors find that real options transfer price mechanism (real options framework [ROF]) can effectively deal with many of the issues that permeate a modern organization with complex multi-dimensional operations. The authors argue that uncertainty and behavioral issues commonly associated with setting transfer prices are better handled using a transfer pricing mechanism that preserves flexibility at the business unit level, the managerial level and the firm level. The approach allows for different managerial styles in both centralized and decentralized sub-units within the same organization. The authors argue that an open multi-dimensional framework using real options is suitable under conditions of uncertainty and managerial opportunism.

ROF-based transfer pricing may be significant in that firms can use it as a tool to manage an organization by setting the prices centrally and at the same time allowing managers to select the transfer price that best suits their specific situation and operating conditions. This may result in a more efficient and more profitable organization.

The contribution of the paper is the melding of the ROF from the finance literature with the accounting problem of setting a transfer price for items lacking a competitive market price. The authors also contribute to existing research by explicitly developing a framework that values managerial flexibility, takes into account uncertainty and considers the behavioral aspects of the transfer pricing process. The authors establish the conditions under which a generic real options model is a feasible alternative in determining a transfer price.

This paper develops a Bayesian real options model to determine the optimal amount of sampling information to acquire before project activation. The approach is then applied to evaluate parts manufacturing approval (PMA) licenses for an aerospace firm in the maintenance, repair, and overhaul industry. The model explicitly accounts for project and sampling uncertainty, estimated cash inflows, capital outlays, and sampling costs. Upper and lower thresholds for delay option inputs are identified for immediate project activation and indefinite delay scenarios. In general, it is shown that high sampling costs encourage and low sampling costs postpone project activation, the magnitude of which dependent upon sampling reliability, project uncertainty, and moneyness of the delay option.

The purpose of this paper is to apply options to the pharmaceutical markets to solute the corruption and counterfeit drugs in emerging markets.

This article proposes a framework for using pharmaceutical options. The application of options to pharmaceuticals will enable a freer and more competitive pharmaceutical market, and assist medicine producers and hospitals using pharmaceutical options market to hedge price risk.

The paper finds that it is possible, for example, to apply the theoretical framework to case studies in pharmaceutical markets.

The present study provides a starting‐point for further research in the pharmaceutical markets sector. The environment of the existing pharmaceutical markets, the implementation of pharmaceutical options, and the potential benefit of such implementation are discussed in details.

This framework has proven to be useful in improving the pharmaceutical markets of the medical industry.

Post-disaster housing reconstruction (PDHR) demands a considerable percentage of global property investment, yet the post-disaster environment presents intricate challenges to reconstruction financing for governments and at the same time, revenue uncertainty for private investors. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for tackling land shortage and the financial challenges of PDHR in the aftermath of a disaster.

This study developed a methodology based on a combined minimum revenue guarantee and maximum revenue cap model using a well-established real options analysis (ROA) for revenue risk sharing in PDHR projects and land readjustment (LR) for finance. The applicability of the purported model is demonstrated through an illustrative example.

The results show that flexibility in the options could increase the PDHR contractor’s risk profile by increasing the expected value of the contractor investment and reducing the probability of investment loss. On the other side, a cap on the contractor revenue stream would allow the government to benefit from any excess in revenue and would counterbalance the value of the option.

The framework proposed in this study could serve as a practical risk-revenue sharing in PDHR projects. Governments and policymakers could use the findings to enable the successful delivery of PDHR projects and consequently bring the quality of life of affected people to pre-disaster conditions.

This study can be considered as a first attempt toward the use of the Australian barrier style options structure, and the trinomial lattice valuation model in PDHR projects, which incorporates LR, public-private partnerships, governmental guarantees and PDHR concepts in one ROA-based framework.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a risk-based framework to estimate the option value of infrastructure investment, accounting for the stochastic behavior of both financial and physical (engineering) variables.

This study uses a real-options approach and computes the optimal investment dates and option values using Least Squares Monte Carlo, both the original Longstaff – Schwartz algorithm and the constrained Least Squares approach of Le tourneau – Stentoft.

Real-option value for infrastructure investment is substantial. It is beneficial to model jointly financial and engineering risks to better understand the timing and real-option value of infrastructure investment. The analysis further shows which variables are option value drivers.

Future work could integrate financing constraints into the model, consider path dependency in the physical state variables or integrate sovereign risk, expropriation risk, operational risk or other project risks.

Financial practitioners and investment managers interested in infrastructure risk finance or project finance will benefit from a novel framework to analyze infrastructure investments in which engineering and financial risks interact in a tractable way.

Public decision-makers will benefit from a better understanding of what determines the value of infrastructure investments, how real-option value affects optimal investment timing and how both are determined by financial and engineering risks.

The analysis considers financial and engineering risks in a single framework to better understand option value in infrastructure investment. The framework and findings are useful both to risk finance and project finance practitioners and investors as well as engineers and public sector decision-makers.

Aims to promote an integrated performance measurement system.

The literature on R&D performance measurement identifies the need for an integrated performance measurement system for strategy implementation. Develops a theoretical framework for R&D performance measures, incorporating real options to define strategic net present value, which values the plan to make R&D investments.

Real options techniques can be used to value managers' options to shelter investments from adverse effects and exploit upside potential. The shift in valuation paradigms from a naïve net present value model to active risk management implicit in real options requires performance measures that reflect real option value and defines strategic value created (SVC), which is based on residual income concepts. Since residual income is known to be superior to ROI in motivating goal congruence, infers that SVC has similar advantages.

Illustrates how SVC would be used as a performance measure for a new drug in the commercialization stage, considers several relevant questions and discusses how SVC could be used in a firm's balanced scorecard.

The aim of this paper is to discuss intellectual capital (IC) from a valuation perspective and examine the nature of such capital and why traditional valuation methods fail to reflect the unique characteristics of IC and propose an alternative approach that captures them.

The paper builds on the existing literature in the fields of financial valuation and IC. The analysis of these fields allows us to combine them and discuss the possible usage and limitations of real option models for the assessment of intellectual capital in firms.

A valuation perspective is developed based on the real option models that have been extended from their origin in financial asset valuation to the valuation of firms' growth opportunities. Intellectual resources embody these opportunities contributing to both their evolution over time and their realisation in future. A typology of IC is developed based on the influence upon the various valuation parameters of real options. This approach provides a richer framework to analyse the relationship between IC and corporate value.

Clarification of the relationship between IC and managerial flexibility as a source of value will help managers understand how they can create and leverage such flexibility to create value. The paper enables managers to understand how different types of IC impact on risk taking, timing of investment projects and the value of speculative investments.

The paper clarifies the nature of IC in the way it contributes to managerial flexibility to gain competitive advantage and exploit growth opportunities. It extends the real options valuation framework to the valuation of intellectual assets thus providing a link among intellectual assets, business strategy and firm value.

Option pricing theory enables computation of the price of an option using different variables associated with the underlying security and options contract. The purpose of this study is to assess research trends that emerged in the field of option pricing. This study reviews existing literature of the option pricing domain, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and identifies potential themes for future research.

This study adopts bibliometric analysis method to explore literature published in the option pricing domain. As part of bibliometric analysis, this study considers both descriptive and network analysis to assess publication trends. For descriptive analysis, the “bibliometrix” package proposed by Aria and Cuccurullo (2017) is used and for network analysis, VOS viewer (Van Eck and Waltman, 2017) and Gephi (Bastian et al., 2009) are used.

This study identifies research trends, top researchers, articles, journals and contributions from institutions and countries in the option pricing domain. It identifies four clusters that show different directions and also focuses on past studies on the same subject. It explores research gaps by performing an in-depth analysis of existing literature on option pricing and suggests the way forward for research in this area.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous studies have attempted to analyze the literature published in the option pricing domain. This study fulfils this research gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of studies in the option pricing area. This study identifies quality research work published in the domain, research trends, contribution by most relevant researchers, contributions across geographies and institutions and the connections among these aspects. This study also identifies important themes and provides directions for future research.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual real options theory framework for the firms to use options to mitigate both investment risks and retention of the trained human resources.

This conceptual paper is built with logical argumentation.

The growth of IT firms has created a demand for quality IT industry employees in substantive quantity in India. IT firms provide training and development (T&D) inputs for developing better skills of employees for better employee and superior firm performance. T&D input requires firm investment. It also creates enhanced market demand for the trained employee. High growth area like IT firms not only competes for market but also for employees. A trained employee might leave the firm that provided the training to join a rival firm which offers relatively better salary, a catch -22 situation. This paper develops a real options-based framework for strategic human resource management (HRM).

This work integrates the theory of real options and strategic HRM.

This conceptual work is one of the first attempts to use real options theory on strategic HRM.

Option to review land rents to prevailing market rents and option to renew leases for another term are two important options embedded in the public industrial land leases in Singapore, managed by the Jurong Town Corporation (JTC). The land rents of JTC leases are reviewed every year subject to a cap on the land rent increase. The rent cap, which is historically lower than the prevailing market growth rate, widens the gap between the contract rent and the prevailing market rent as the lease progresses. This creates disincentives to the lessor for not exercising the rent review option, because the option is in‐the‐money. The rent gap, on the other hand, is also translated into substantial profit rents for lessees who hold onto the leasehold interests of industrial lands. By assuming two different probability distributions for the ex‐ante prevailing market rents, the profit rents were simulated to derive at the values of a hypothetical 30‐year lease, which range from US$47.93 (S$86.45) per square meter (psm) (Sungei Kadut, Kranji) to US$236.05 (S$425.74) psm (West Coast Highway). Based on these simulated 30‐year leasehold values and assumptions of other input parameters: equated yield (e = 10 percent), risk free rate (R_f = 4.52), volatility of leasehold value (σ = 15 percent), term of lease (T = 30 years) and rental growth cap (g = 7.6 percent), the premiums for the lease renewal options were estimated to be in a range of US$4.55 (S$8.21) psm to US$22.26 (S$40.15) psm.