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This article surveys the literature dealing with theory and applications of life cycle costing (LCC). It deals with the literature published in the last 25 years and provides 667 references.

This chapter provides an overview of the Department of Defense (DoD) laboratory structure to help equipment designers, modelers, and manufacturers determine where research, testing programs, or relevant findings can be found. The chapter includes a discussion of the performance measures and metrics typically used in DoD laboratories and concludes by considering the current state-of-the-art as well as the state-of-the-possible for human performance measurement.

Describes how, in ill‐defined, emerging situations, team members struggle to make sense of the situation, react to stimuli from the external environment, and interact with each other and human artefacts to develop an interpretation of the environment. Presents a general model of this process, lessons derived from experiences in trying to support it, and issues for future development.

Military electronics have typically been isolated from mainstream developments due to military unique requirements, specifications and procurement policies. As a consequence, military electronics systems have not profited from many of the commercial technological advancements and the lessons learned. Based on an understanding of this problem, DoD policy directives are now changing, although there are attempts to resist or side‐step implementation. To understand the key issues affecting early affordable access to leading electronics technologies by the US military and government, it is necessary to understand those military and government policies, regulations and organisations that have influenced both directly and indirectly, purposefully and accidentally, electronics effectiveness and worth. This paper provides a perspective to some of the key issues and critical differentiators between US military/government and commercial approaches to electronics.

To compare the conventional reaction wheel and battery systems with the combined energy and attitude control system. The system mass, volume and power requirements are revealed corresponding to the small satellite missions.

All the relevant system parametric equations are established. The system mass, volume and power are estimated accordingly for the conventional and the combined systems. Then, both systems are compared with respect to the typical small satellite missions.

The combined system outperforms the conventional system in most small satellite missions. However, there are some small satellite missions where the conventional systems are better in terms of the mass and volume budgets.

This research work is exclusively for small satellites in the LEO orbits.

A reasonable information for sizing the combined energy and attitude control system is established. The system mass, volume and power budgets can be extracted from this research work.

The results provide an instant answer regarding the feasibility of the combined energy and attitude control system for small satellites.

Maintenance management information technology (MMIT) systems have existed for some 40 years. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the advancement of these systems and compares the development of MMIT with other corporate information technology (IT) systems.

This paper is a literature study of 97 scientific papers within the topic of MMIT in the period 1988 to 2003. Additional readings have been made in books covering MMIT.

The paper finds that the focus of MMIT has changed in several aspects during the 40 years that have been investigated; from technology to use; from maintenance function to maintenance as an integrated part of the business; from supporting reactive maintenance to proactive maintenance; and from operative to strategic maintenance considerations. Advancements in MMIT have in general followed the development of corporate IT.

Further studies to cover application‐specific development, for instance the use of decision support systems within maintenance management and to cover literature after 2003, are of interest.

Knowledge about the development of MMIT adds to the understanding of today's computer applications for maintenance management, which is crucial for every maintenance manager using or purchasing MMIT. The findings could be used as a means to identify the future trends of MMIT, as well as possibilities and problems with the new technology, tools, techniques and methods.

Papers dealing with the development of maintenance management IT are scarce and this paper represents the first full review of MMIT so far.

The paper aims to present the development of a detection scheme for pilot fatigue using fuzzy logic. Evaluation parameters based on the dynamic response of the pilot/aircraft system are to be defined and criteria for online fatigue detection to be formulated.

The approach is based on the idea that, while performing the same task, under otherwise identical conditions, the dynamic signatures of the pilot/aircraft system are different depending on the pilot condition, “rested” or “tired.” Tests performed on a 6 degrees‐of‐freedom (DOF) flight simulator with pilots at two extreme levels of alertness are used to define parameters based on aircraft states and pilot input measurements that can serve as pilot fatigue detectors at steady state flight conditions. These parameters are computed using the statistics of the tracking errors (TE), state and control time histories, and the Fourier transforms of the TE. Fuzzy logic is used to evaluate the pilot condition based on composite detection parameters.

Validation tests on a 6 DOF flight simulator showed that the proposed detection scheme has promising capabilities for safety monitoring purposes and design of control laws that can accommodate for pilot abnormal conditions.

The pilot fatigue detection algorithm presented in this paper can be used as a starting point for future research in the following directions: development of safety monitoring systems for warning and/or triggering of automatic control compensation; development of pilot fault‐tolerant control laws; development of human pilot models for simulation, handling qualities assessment, and control laws design.

The approach for pilot fatigue detection proposed in this paper is a viable alternative to existing methods based on physiological measurements such as electrical activity of the brain, pulse, body temperature, etc. which imply direct and permanent connection of the pilot to the measurement system and interfere adversely with pilot comfort and his/her ability to perform the task. The proposed approach eliminates this drawback and does not require on‐board additional heavy equipment.

Pilot fatigue assessment from measurements of pilot/aircraft dynamic parameters has not yet been investigated as an alternative to the physiological approach.

Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) start providing support to their products, that helped them in beating the competition across the worldwide. The unavailability of spares and crews may also prolong the downtime of equipment, thereby affecting the systems’ performance. The spares and crews have as much effect on the systems’ performance as the design characteristics (i.e. reliability and maintainability). Thus, the OEMs required to extent the support to their products through maintenance, spares, crews, etc., so as to gain the customer satisfaction.

The mathematical model for spares, crews and support quality has been presented in this research work. The problem has been identified from the literature perspective for mechanical systems.

The model has been implemented on a real-life problem, in which the OEMs provide support to their make installed at compressed natural gas workstation in National Capital Region, India.

The research proposed in this work will be helpful to manufacturer, customer, academician, researcher, industrialist and any concerned person, to get the exhaustive benefits from the system.