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The purpose of this paper is to reveal the characteristics of hydrodynamic load capacity and torque transferred by oil film with variable viscosity, and the effect of groove number, width and depth on the hydrodynamic load capacity and torque transfer.

The radial temperature of friction pair and viscosity of YLA‐N32 hydraulic oil were measured through experiments, and a viscosity‐diameter expression was deduced using polynomial fitting method. Analytical expressions for hydrodynamic load capacity and torque of the oil film were deduced based on hydrodynamic lubrication theory.

The investigation shows the hydrodynamic load capacity and transferred torque with variable viscosity are much less than that with constant viscosity. Load capacity increases with the increase of groove depth which is the most significant influence factor, while it has the least influence on torque. Groove width has great influence on load capacity and torque. The load capacity increases with the increase of groove width; contrarily, torque decreases with the increase of groove width. Groove number has little influence on load capacity, while it has great influence on torque. The torque decreases with the increase of groove number.

In this paper, analytical solutions for hydrodynamic load capacity and torque of the oil film with variable viscosity are deduced. The paper reveals the relationship between hydrodynamic load capacity, torque transfer and groove number, width and depth.

Current issues of Publishers' Weekly are reporting serious shortages of paper, binders board, cloth, and other essential book manufacturing materials. Let us assure you these shortages are very real and quite severe.

The matter of predicting disasters has always been one of the hottest and most challenging tasks in geology. Earthquakes are among the most destructive ones among all the natural hazards. Occurring often without any warning, they are the most feared and unpredictable natural phenomena. In recent years with the emergence of new remote sensing instruments and techniques, geologists interested themselves to define accurate and reliable procedures to foresee disasters using this new technology. This paper aims to examine some of the data that have been used so far in earthquake prediction as well as cheap, relevant remotely sensing and geographic information systems methods to acquire and manipulate data.

Earthquakes are not the same in terms of origins, places (depth) and effects. So after having a brief look at the earthquakes, this paper examines the data that can be used for predicting earthquakes and reviews some of the remote sensing methods used to predict tectonic earthquakes. According to the types of measurements, remote sensing methods can be categorized in three main types; crust displacement, thermal and electromagnetic detecting techniques. Regarding the area's geological characteristics, satellites with optical and/or synthetic aperture radar sensors applications in prediction of large‐scale natural disasters will be discussed.

Presentation of the definitions and characteristics of earthquakes, categorized representation of the types of data used in this field as well as the types and names of the ground, aerial‐ and space‐borne data providers are the most important products of this review paper.

This method, if fully and systematically conducted, can be the cornerstone of an earth‐predicting system.

After establishing the terminology, shows how the choice of the name of the subject of a document and the rendering of the name in the heading of the specific subject entry can be got by facet analysis based on postulates and principles. After showing that subject headings constitute an artificial language, points out that using facet analysis for subject heading does not amount to using class number. Marks out the area for an objective statistical survey of sought heading for subject entry. Calls on Council for Library Resources Incorporated to provide for this project.

The purpose of this paper is to develop novel ashless additives and to meet the need for formulating ashless anti‐wear (AW) hydraulic fluid or other industrial lubricating oils. This paper also aims to investigate the tribological behaviours and mechanism of an acrylate of dialkyl dithiophosphoric acid (ADDP), as an additive in some group I/II base oils compared with some traditional s‐p containing AW additives.

ADDP is synthesized in the laboratory. The chemical composition and structure of the lubricating additive are analyzed by means of infrared spectroscopy. Its extreme pressure (EP), AW and friction reduction properties as additive in base oils, compared with some traditional s‐p containing AW additives, are investigated using a four‐ball machine according to relative testing standards. The tribological mechanism is discussed according to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analytical data.

The results indicate that the four‐ball PB value of the prepared ADDP in HVIWH650 is better than that of the IRGLUBE 353; the thermal stability of ADDP is equivalent to the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) and the SEM data show that the prepared ADDP additive could form a layer of uniform film on the worn surface serving as lubricant and protective film. This may be the chief reason why the prepared ADDP possesses better AW property than ZDDP.

However, more experimental studies such as the synergic effect with other additives should be performed, from which it could be learned whether the novel AW additive would be applicable in industrial oils.

The results may be useful for the researchers to formulate some ashless industrial oils.

A novel additive was synthesized in the laboratory; it would find a promising industrial application as an ashless AW additive.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion used for alpha phase brass, which can increase the antiwear and anti‐galling abilities of the rollers, and improve the surface quality of the rolled brass sheet. The aim is to evaluate the tribological performance of new kind of O/W emulsion for the hot rolling of alpha brass, which provides the fundamental information for the selecting of new chemical group, and to understand the lubrication mechanism of the used rolling emulsion and to correlate the laboratory findings with those of industrial rolling of alpha phase brass.

According to the hydrophile‐lipophile balance theory and the evaluation results of friction, wear and lubrication using a four‐ball tribometer, a novel O/W emulsion was developed for the hot rolling process of CuZn₃₂(ASTM C26200) and CuZn₃₀(ASTM C26000) alloys by controlling the composition of the emulsion, such as emulsifying, antiwear, extreme pressure, antirust and so on. By scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), and roughness profile the tribological mechanism were studied.

The production result proved that it was easy to control the accuracy and size of the brass sheet because of the emulsion‐jet to the roller surface directly and in succession. Polyol with hydroxyl group is found to provide better lubrication and lower coefficient of friction. The actual hot rolling results proved that it was easy to control the accuracy and size of the brass sheet with the emulsion jet. The morphologies and roughness profile of the copper sheet surface were observed and measured by SEM and topographic meter under different lubricant conditions. The in situ results supported the selection of compositions of O/W emulsion. The suitable temperature of feed emulsion is over 20°C.

The tribological mechanism of friction modified emulsion is not still clear. The thermal mechanical properties of rollers under this kind of emulsion are also worth studying in the future.

Understanding the tribological behaviour of O/W emulsion, will be useful for emulsion chemists, tribologists and rolling mill users.

The current study shows new compositions of O/W emulsion used for hot rolling of alpha phase brass.

The reason for concern is the rapid decline in loans to small enterprises which is critical to their performance, compared to large businesses following the periods of banking reformations in Nigeria. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of risk perception on bank lending behaviour to small enterprises. It also investigates the impact of government intervention, consolidation and recapitalization on the relationship between risk perception and bank lending behaviour to small enterprise.

This study empirically analysed (ordinary least square) secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins, Annual Statement of Accounts covering the period 1992–2020.

The results show that the absence of government interventions and the presence of banking reformations have statistically negative significant effect on bank lending to small enterprises. The findings challenge the argument that generally assumes risk aversion of banks towards small enterprise lending because of small enterprise’s inability to prove their credit worthiness and consequently constraining access to finance to the sector. Instead, the results and analysis from this study found theoretical support for the variation of bank behaviour in lending to small enterprises depending on the status of wealth of the financial system.

A key lesson from this study for government concerned about promoting performance of the small enterprise sector is that regulating and enforcing lending requirements on access to debt financing of the sector is necessary if constraints in access debt finance is to be eliminated. Second, while strategies such as bank consolidation, recapitalization may help strengthen and make financially robust the banking system; it places the banks in a gain position where losses looms to them than gain.

This study challenges the argument that generally assumes risk aversion of banks towards small enterprise lending as a result of inability to prove their credit worthiness and consequently constraining access to finance to the sector. Instead, the results and analysis from this study reveal a variation in lending to small enterprises and suggests that the position of the bank in relation to a reference point influences how risk is perceived by the bank and thus impacts on their risk decision-making behaviour.

Federal and State Governments began to explore more subtle alternatives for accessing private sector resources in the delivery and operation of public facilities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the types of infrastructural projects most suitable using public‐private partnership (PPP) for executions and identify the critical success factors in PPP on infrastructural projects with a view to strengthening the partnership between the public (government) and private sector. The overall goal is to enhance infrastructural projects delivery in Nigeria.

The primary data consists of survey questionnaires, drawn based on the identified factors on existing literature on critical success factors (CSFs). The structured questionnaires were administered on participants that were involved in the execution of PPP projects, either during the initial stage, construction stage or maintenance and operating stages in Lagos State.

The results of the mean score ranking indicate that transportation, which include roads, rails and airports construction ranked highest followed by provision of electricity and water. Real estate and educational construction projects ranked lowest in terms of suitability of execution using PPPs. However, the result of the one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that, there was no significant difference in the suitability of PPP for execution of the types of infrastructural projects delivery. The paper further identified nine CSFs in public‐private partnerships as follows: competitive procurement process, thorough and realistic assessment of the cost and benefits, favorable framework, appropriate risk allocation and risk sharing, government involvement by providing a guarantee, political support, stable macroeconomic condition, sound economic policy and availability of suitable financial market. The study, however, showed that well organized and committed public agency; social support; project technical feasibility and multi‐benefits objectives are the CFSs that are most important to the private investors. On the other hand, factors such as transparency in the procurement process; shared authority between public and private sector; thorough and realistic assessment of the cost and benefits; commitment and responsibility of public and private sector and strong and good private consortium are the CSFs that are most important to the public clients.

The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the suitability of PPP for execution of infrastructural projects delivery. This shows that PPP is suitable for all types of infrastructural projects. What needs to be done is to ensure that all the success factors responsible for successful implementations of PPPs are well structured in a way that its optimum performance can be guaranteed. Also, in identification of the critical factors in PPP it would help to develop a body of PPP knowledge. This knowledge would help in the establishment of relevant laws, regulations and guidelines and in the development of efficient frameworks for best PPP practices.

According to the German penal code, offenders can basically be sanctioned to a prison sentence or (in cases of misdemeanours) to a fine. If an offender is sentenced to a fine, but is not able or willing to make the payment, then the German state can administer a custodial sentence as a replacement. This is called an “Ersatzfreiheitsstrafe” (EFS). The proportion of EFS prisoners accounts for 10% of the German prison population and thus appears to be strikingly high considering the consequences of an imprisonment for the detainee. It has been considered that this is due to high levels of mental disorders in the population of EFS prisoners. This article thus aims at delineating the prevalence of mental disorders in EFS prisoners according to socio‐demographic data and ICD‐10 diagnoses of two recent German studies. Results of these studies indicate that EFS prisoners indeed are for the most part socially and economically deprived and show a high prevalence of mental disorders. It is argued that their resulting lack of social competence may lead to incapability of avoiding their fee being converted into a prison sentence. As a consequence EFSs have to be seen as supporting social stigmatization and risking a further exclusion from society.

This study aims to contribute to the emerging discourse on elite financial crime, with particular attention devoted to the role played by the legislature in corrupt practices in Nigeria. Separations of power, watchdog role of legislature and ideologies have become a major influence in democratic system. Legislative power has developed as a means of providing oversight functions over the executives, thereby inhibiting fraudulent practices in governments.

The paper argues that the political institutional structures embedded with monopoly, discretion and little or no accountability facilitate financial corrupt practices within the legislature. The paper uses publicly available evidence to show that the legislators in developing countries are actively engaged in corrupt practices.

The evidence provided in this paper shows that separation of power and representative democracy had not brought about transparency and accountability in government activities in Nigeria. Legislature often trade-off their constitutional power and their claim of service to the public interest by engaging in financial criminal practices.

This paper does not set out to provide a comprehensive analysis of political corruption. Instead, it considers the “dark” side of legislative practice by examining the involvement of legislature in facilitating corrupt financial practices in Nigeria.

The inability of the regulators to effectively sanction legislators implicated in corrupt practices suggests that the current institutional and regulatory apparatus are not fully equipped in dealing with the financial criminal activities of legislators.

Despite the arrest and prosecution of some legislators, a number of cases are swept under the carpet. Therefore, this paper suggests that Nigeria need to reform its political system and institutions to promote transparency and accountability in government and to build trust in the legislative process.

This paper considers the “dark” side of legislative practice by examining the involvement of legislature in facilitating corrupt financial practices in Nigeria.