Search results

This paper aims to provide a detailed review of various cutting fluids (CFs).

Friction and wear are inevitable in machine parts in motion. The industrial sector uses various kinds of lubricants, which include engine oils, CFs, hydraulic fluids, greases, etc. to control friction and wear. The main purpose of using CF is to remove heat produced during machining and to reduce cutting forces, tool wear and energy associated with it. Thus, it increases the productivity and quality of the manufacturing process. But more than 80% of the CFs used in the industries now are mineral oil-based. These mineral oils and additives are highly undesirable because of their toxicity, nonbiodegradability, pollution and ecological problems. Hence, these petroleum-based oils in the lubrication system can be substituted with alternatives such as vegetable-based CF. Several studies are being conducted in the field of eco-friendly CFs. Because of the variance in fatty acid profile and availability, the selection of vegetable oils (VOs) is another problem faced nowadays. The present study is focused on bio-based oils and many eco-friendly additives. Various machining processes and comparisons relating to the same have also been made. The aim is to minimize the use of mineral oil and thereby introduce sustainability in production.

In this present study, bio-based oils, additives and various characteristic behavior of them in machining are being discussed. The VOs are found to be a potential base oil for industrial CFs.

This paper describes the importance of sustainable CFs.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate alternatives for four stroke 10w40 motorcycle engine oils. Today, mineral and synthetic‐based lubricants are widely used but because of ecological aspects, which are gaining in importance nowadays and limited resources of mineral oils, environmentally‐friendly biobased lubricants are gaining in importance. Biobased lubricants are also important for using national resources rather than importing crude oils which are limited. The main consumption of lubricant market is motor oils. In this study, starting from mineral, synthetic and biobased lubricants; mineral, synthetic, biomineral and biosynthetic based four stroke motorcycle engine oils (10w40) are prepared, then lubricity properties of the motor oils are determined.

The lubricity tests of the samples are done in a fixed forced lubricity test rig and the motorcycle motor oil preparation are conducted according to ASTM test methods.

The results show that 5 per cent of biobased lubricants will be suitable for preparing 10w40 motor oils in both mineral and synthetic based motor oils. Also improvements in the lubricity properties with the blend with biobased lubricants are seen.

The paper presents biomineral and biosynthetic 10w40 motor oils as alternative candidates for motorcycle motor oils.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the impacts of oleoyl glycine on biodegradation, friction and wear performances of a mineral lubricating oil.

The biodegradabilities of a neat oil and its formulations with oleoyl glycine were evaluated on a biodegradation tester and the microbial characters in the biodegradation sewage observed through a microscope. Also, the friction and wear performances of neat oil and the formulated oil were determined on a four‐ball tribometer. The morphologies and tribochemical features of the worn surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Oleoyl glycine markedly enhanced biodegradation of unreadily biodegradable mineral oil and effectively improved its anti‐wear and friction‐reducing abilities. The enhancement of biodegradability of the mineral oil was preliminarily ascribed to the increment of microbial populations in the biodegradation processes, while the improvement of anti‐wear and friction‐reducing abilities was mainly attributed to the formation of a boundary adsorption film of oleoyl glycine on the friction surfaces.

Oleoyl glycine is a biodegradable and low eco‐toxic compound. The authors' work has shown that oleoyl glycine is effective in improving biodegradability and tribological performances of mineral lubricants. Enhancing biodegradability of petroleum‐based lubricants by additives is a new attempt. The paper has significance for improving ecological and tribological performances of mineral lubricants, even for developing petroleum‐based biodegradable lubricants.

Workmanship concerns lead to more focus on volatile materials, released by industrial lubricants. Typically, flash point test and thermo‐gravimetrical analysis (TGA) are used to investigate basestock volatility, but they do not address long‐term decomposition tendencies of lubricants. The extent of volatile losses due to chemical degradation (oxidation, hydrolysis, dissociation, etc.) remains unclear.

Vaporisation tendencies of eight additive‐free bio‐based, synthetic and mineral basestocks with similar viscosities were compared experimentally in a 30‐80 h degradation test. Thin films (30‐50 μm) of oils were placed on the steel surface and heated to 130‐140°C with periodic cooling to room temperatures for gravimetric measurement of volatile losses.

Mineral oils lost some fractions initially, but their evaporation subsided afterwards. To the contrary, PAO, polyglycol and polyol ester type oils showed low losses early into the test, but later they started producing high amounts of volatiles. After approx. 10‐15 h the evaporation from mineral oils was clearly lower than that from synthetic or bio‐based oils with substantially higher flash points.

Test results challenge the existing viewpoint that viscous oils with high flash points are non‐volatile. It was found that even fully synthetic and bio‐based oils lost more than 30 wt.% contents, despite being considered almost non‐volatile. Such extensive decomposition of oil films should be taken into account when making the equipment‐engineering or workmanship‐related decisions in the industry.

The following article is substantially the same as a lecture given to The Institute of Petroleum at Leeds on 9th April, 1959, and is reproduced here by their kind permission.

Quantifiable data produced in a national report by the Environment Agency of England and Wales entitled Water Pollution Incidents in England and Wales 1997 and published by the Stationery Office in 1998, identifies over 3,723 substantiated pollution incidents across England and Wales in 1997. Within the generic sector classed as “Industry” the construction industry was the most frequent polluter responsible for 22 percent of all substantiated water‐related pollution incidents in that sector. The report also identified that a significant number (28 percent) of all substantiated pollution incidents across England and Wales are directly attributable to mineral‐based fuels and oils, many of which are used extensively within the construction industry. This paper seeks to locate the possible causes and effects for some of that oil‐based pollution, discusses the issues and identifies a unique and radical client‐motivated solution within the UK to reduce and mitigate the undesirable impacts upon the environment. Evidence produced by the oil industry shows the enormous amount of one particularly aggressive pollutant – hydraulic oil – which remains annually, unaccounted for. Hydraulic oil is used in most tracked earthmoving machinery; the sort of machinery most closely associated with construction work carried out near to watercourses. Biodegradable hydraulic oil is much more considerate to the environment, but is more expensive and not usually installed in new plant and machinery. The paper argues that on a life cycle basis the use of biodegradable oil is viable and feasible and that there are many external factors that make its usage desirable.

Economic pressures are driving fleets to substantially increase their maintenance intervals. To meet this challenge, both the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and the lubricant suppliers have developed new and better products to give users the benefits of extended service intervals while at the same time maintaining equipment life and reducing operating costs. This paper will examine the options available in formulating extended drain transmission and axle lubricants by comparing four products designed to meet the OEM extended service interval requirements. Bench test and field test data will be reviewed which show that by optimizing the base oil as well as the additive system, both synthetic as well as properly formulated mineral oil products can give excellent extended drain performance. With mounting economic pressures in the trucking industry, these new products will give maintenance personnel additional product choices as they move their fleets to extended drain transmission and axle lubricants in an effort to safely extend equipment life and reduce total maintenance costs.

The decrease in availability of mineral oils and their environmental hazards created the need to search for alternate bio-based oils. The aim of this study is to investigate the friction and wear characteristics of kapok (Ceiba pentandra) oil as a bio-lubricant.

The wear and friction characteristics between steel-steel contact under lubrication were found using a pin-on-disk tribometer under different loads and sliding speeds, respectively. The corrosion and oxidation stability of the test lubricants were also analyzed. The worn surfaces of the specimen are analyzed with the help of an optical microscope. The obtained results were compared with palm oil and mineral oil (SAE20W 40).

From the investigation, it is found that the kapok oil possess a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate than palm and mineral oil. It is also found that the coefficient of friction varies proportionally and the wear rate varies inversely with the sliding speed as expected.

The present results confirm that the kapok oil can be used as an alternative lubricant to reduce the demand for mineral-based oil lubricants.

Focuses on oleochemicals, a natural alternative to mineral oils for use in liquid lubricants, metal working coolants, quenchants and hydraulic fluids. Natural oil based products generally have many advantages over mineral oils, including lower volatility, better inherent lubricity, higher viscosity index, higher bulk modulus, better fire resistance and better solvency. Details the manufacturing process.