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In the light of the core pedagogical ideas, theoretical framework and methodology of the MaCE project, this chapter will discuss implications and options for working with young people in higher education. A core finding in MaCE points to the fact that the participatory approach is very fruitful for working with young people, in order to enhance their feeling of belonging and commitment in the educational system. From educational research, we know that the dropout rate is high in the students' first year of higher education. Therefore, we consider it important to build a solid foundation of trust and well-defined expectations among students and teachers, starting the very day they pass the doorstep of higher education. When applying such inclusive strategies, it becomes possible to collaborate with students as co-researchers in a socio-cultural learning environment. From the MaCE research, we learned that students thrive when academic hierarchies are toned down, making mutual reflections and partaking in discussion accessible for all students. A participatory pedagogy that involves students and builds relations empowers students' sense of meaning and belonging, making them more engaged and thus help decrease dropout rates in higher education. This points to the importance of strong relations and sufficient time for counselling and tutoring.

Dr. L. Botting, Engineering Controller—Advanced Systems, discusses the historical and technical background to one of NGL's many contributions to the Panavia Tornado, describes its operation and the newly established advanced manufacturing unit at NGL's Ordnance Division in Crewkerne which produces it.

An International Exhibition of Hygiene, Arts, Handicrafts, and Manufactures will be held in the Crystal Palace, Madrid, from September to November next, under the patronage of the Spanish Government. The participation of British exhibitors is particularly desired by the promoters, who state that the attendant expenses will be small. His Excellency the Spanish Minister of Commerce will be the Honorary President; the President of the Committee will be his Excellency the Duke of Tamames and Galisteo, Grandee of Spain, Senator, and ex‐Governor of Madrid. The American war on the one hand, and political changes on the other, have had the effect of seriously damaging the credit of Spain, and many exporters, in view of then existing difficulties, refused to trade until affairs became mere settled. To‐day, however, the Spanish Government are making every effort to restore the economical prosperity of their country. Markets have gained strength, commerce has quadrupled, imports have trebled, and exchange is greatly improved. Well‐advised manufacturers sell in quantity and at good prices, the demand being greater than the supply. Again, the immense natural richness of the Iberian Peninsula, which has not yet received the attention of enterprising and powerful capitalists in any proportion to its value, makes Spain one of those countries where industrial progress is the more certain. The decision to hold this exhibition is evidently a wise one, and considerable advantages may accrue to British manufacturers and merchants taking part therein. There appear to be ample guarantees to show that the undertaking may be supported with every confidence. We understand that all detailed particulars with reference to this important exhibition can be obtained from the Spanish representative in London, Mr. A. DONDERIS, Spanish Arts Exhibition, Compton House, 99A, Charing Cross Road, London, W.C.

Back in the palmy days of midsummer 1970, the grocery voluntary groups scored a notable victory. Nielsen figures showed that, for the first time, symbol groups continued to gain ground while both multiples and Co‐ops marked time. By June/July 1970 the symbol share of the grocery trade had risen to 23.7 per cent, and had overtaken the share of the non‐affiliated independents, which dropped from 23 to 20 per cent. But things have never been the same since. Now the multiple share stands at 44 per cent, and the symbol groups have never exceeded that magic figure of 23.7 per cent. What's gone wrong with the high hopes of the 1960s, when the rescue operation for saving the small grocer from the depredations of the supermarkets turned into an aggressive force that had the multiples rather worried? Certainly the large groups are not declining — Mace, VG, Spar/Vivo all showed substantial improvements in 1972 over the previous year. But symbol group trade as a whole is stagnating, and it may turn out that only the larger groups are capable of competing with multiples in the struggle for favourable terms with manufacturers. Wholesalers have lost patience with the standard of retailer members' efficiency and co‐operation; much‐needed support is not always forthcoming. Cash‐and‐carry is tempting many retailers away from the path of loyalty to group wholesalers — which is fine again for the larger voluntary groups who have already diversified into cash‐and‐carry, but not so good for the smaller. What is the future for the voluntary group grocer? Last month a conference was held in Majorca which attempted to give some answers to this question; it was sponsored jointly by Mace wholesale distributor Hull Supply Company and the Grocers' Gazette. Some of the points made at the conference are summarised here.

The purpose of this paper is to facilitate further understanding of project complexity by highlighting the factors contributing to project complexity as reported by the practitioners facing the “actuality” of projects.

A qualitative research approach was undertaken by conducting semi‐structured interviews with the primary focus on the aerospace industry. Participants are involved in a variety of project settings, exhibiting different types and levels of complexity.

Analysis of responses highlights “people” issues as the main factor contributing to project complexity and the importance of soft skills in managing complex projects.

The research is based on a limited number of respondents from the aerospace sector. This will be further refined and improved upon by compiling views of additional practitioners involved in multiple aerospace projects.

The main research conclusions are that “hard” project management skills help to organise, plan and manage, and track changes during the course of the project. However, understanding of project complexity and its contributing factors helps practitioners to understand the dynamic, social and complex contexts of projects, thus highlighting the importance of “soft” skills.

This paper proposes the “project complexity triangle – people, product and process”, highlighting their importance as the three major areas contributing to project complexity.

Some people assert that the tendency of modern Governments is to be too grandmotherly. They urge that people must not depend on the Government preventing them from coming to harm, and that they should be self‐reliant. This is very true, but nowadays one individual cannot be a specialist in everything. The ordinary person has to take a great many things on trust. For instance, a passenger by train is not able to inspect the engine and look at all the wheels, examine the whole length of railway, and in other ways assure himself that he and his are fairly safe from the results of the carelessness of others. On the contrary, he has to trust to the “powers that be” that they have adjusted the laws concerning responsibility in case of accident to any train that, on the average, the proper amount of care has been exercised. It is the same with weights and measures; a purchaser cannot always carry about with him a pair of scales and a set of weights to ensure his not being cheated; he has to trust to the Government and its inspector. And the Food and Drugs Acts constitute an attempt to protect people who are not in a position to protect themselves from being cheated. It has been suggested that the same principle should be extended to ensuring the proper cooking of food. The digestibility of most foods depends very largely upon the cooking, and yet how many of those who keep restaurants or roadside inns are really capable of cooking food properly? A busy man at the lunch hour and a cyclist at an inn are usually in a hurry. They have to eat the food supplied or go for some hours without any, and there ought to be some means invented to ensure the food being fit to eat. There would, of course, have to be some legal definition of “well‐done” or “under‐done” meat, and what a cup of “fresh” tea ought to be. The exact hardness of potatoes allowable by law would give rise to appeal cases, and some glaring case of an egg boiled too hard might send a landlord to prison for a month. Boarding‐houses might even be brought within the administrations of the Proper Cooking of Food Acts.

By diehard tradition, rice pudding is supposed to be a dull dish, but who can doubt that it is elevated to a much higher level of tastiness by one simple addition — grated nutmeg. The wise cook respects and admires the delicate aromatic sweetness of this always much‐treasured spice, for it has many other uses and is perhaps most widely used in French kitchens. It will enhance the flavour of white cream soups if grated over them in the bowls immediately before serving. It blends well with parsley and chives for poultry or meat stuffings, especially if the finished product is destined to be served cold. The list of foods or dishes that respond to the addition of nutmeg, usually in ground form is long and perhaps endless: all milk puddings and custards, doughnuts, ice cream, egg‐nog, creamed or soufflé potatoes, creamed spinach, Brussels sprouts, stewed fruits, biscuits, spice and fruit cakes, cheese sauce and asparagus, which is especially fine when served with melted butter, crumbled hard‐boild eggs, and grated nutmeg.

This chapter presents a co-participatory analysis that brings in empirical interview data from all three nations involved in the MaCE project. More than that, the chapter also focusses on the co-researcher student's ideas for change in schools, youth services and higher education. By presenting these ideas in a raw and unedited manner, the chapter invites the reader into the very engine room of the MaCE project, the reflections, discussions and rough ideas that we try to convert into practical solutions for children and young people. Ultimately, the chapter presents the framework for well-being, education, learning and development developed throughout this project as a bridge to change.

This chapter explains how a socio-cultural learning model was used in the Marginalisation and Co-created Education project for students to challenge prevailing deficit models of social disadvantage. This chapter draws on accounts of participant engagement in the project to reveal how a supportive socio-cultural model can develop knowledge about the subject of marginalisation and about wider higher education elements whilst also developing self-belief and raising aspirations of participants.