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This paper aims to study the Lut desert, also known as the Dasht–e–Lut, starting with a summary of its location as a large salt desert in southeastern Kerman, Iran, as well as its climate, being one of the world’s driest places. Next, a statistical analysis is performed based on a reasonable minimum level of 10 per cent. The computation of electric energy produced by sunlight in the studied region is, then, provided using a number of high-efficiency and suitable solar cells. Finally, the authors will compare the production of electrical energy to the consumption energy in Iran and Kerman province.

According to calculations of the present study and the analyses of the tables and charts provided, the use of solar energy and the amount of energy used in different areas was discussed. Lut desert in Iran is one of the touristic attractions of Kerman province: while only a very small area of this desert known as the Kalut is of interest to tourists, the vast remaining area of this desert is currently left without use. Lut and its surrounding towns and villages are not suitable for agricultural due to the lack of water in the region, and relatively poor people live within the area. The findings of this study showed that throughout the region, there is a very high potential for energy supply of Kerman and Iran.

The practical use of Lut desert potential in the production of electric energy from solar energy, besides its significant role in cost reductions, can also positively affect the living standards of local residents as well as job and income creation for the country. Efficient use of only 10 per cent of the area of Lut desert, via using its solar energy, can produce a considerable amount of energy for the region and for the country in large. Although the present study only investigated the solar energy of the region, it also has a high potential in wind energy and geothermal optimum use. The research team will, hence, continue its work on calculating the amount of energy generated from all types of renewable energy in this area. This paper showed that application of solar cells in this region is appropriate for providing a magnificent amount of electric-energy requirements of Kerman province and of Iran.

In recent years, Iran’s nuclear, oil and natural-gas industries have been the subject of intensifying sanctions from certain international communities. Now, the country wants to develop a sector in which it has more leeway, i.e. the renewable energy; wind and solar energies are always available, and no one can put sanctions on them. Also, to provide household electricity in remote areas (which are not connected to the mains electricity grid), energy storage is required for use of renewable energy. Usually, however, renewable energy is derived from the main electricity grid, and this means that as the mains electricity grid is organized so as to produce the exact amount of energy being consumed at that particular moment, the energy storage is mostly not applied. Energy production on the mains electricity grid is always set up as a combination of renewable-energy plants, as well as other power plants (e.g. the fossil-fuel power plants and nuclear power). This combination, nevertheless, is essential for this type of energy supply (i.e. the wind turbines, solar power plants, etc).

Regarding the renewable energies, the cost of producing electricity and the remaining reserves from fossil fuels in Iran is compared with the same in other countries. Several advantages of renewable energies are studied in the present research with emphasis on solar energy; the Lut desert in Iran is introduced as a high potential for supplying the country’s energy. Various effects of such generation of energy on economy, environment, and public health are also studied.

The paper aims to complement the six pillars analysis with the multi-level perspective to make it more systematic and policy relevant.

Take the innovation system foresight as the exemplar; the paper asks if the other systemic approaches to innovation can function as the middle range theory and underpin critical future studies. To answer, the paper combines the six-pillar approach (SPA) with the multilevel perspective (MLP) and builds “transitional foresight”. Then it takes the fourth pillar; transitional causal layered analysis and applies it to a case study: water stress in Iran. The paper concludes noting that in transitional foresight, the borderlines, the players and the orientations of the foresight are clearer than the six-pillar analysis.

The SPA and MLP-integrated framework make a powerful research instrument for transitional foresight.

The paper applied the integrated framework to a case “water system in Iran”. But the framework should be applied in different cases in different countries to test its applicability.

The suggested framework can be used as a heuristics for the students and researchers who want to engage with the emancipatory perspective of the six-pillar approach and need to have an academic methodology with rigor and granularity.

The six-pillar approach of Sohail Inayatullah and the multilevel perspective of Geels can combine to make a powerful heuristic for transitional foresight.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the spatial and temporal variations of extreme hot days (H*) and heat wave frequencies across Iran.

The authors used daily maximum temperature (T_max) data of 27 synoptic stations in Iran. These data were standardized using the mean and the standard deviation of each day of the year. An extreme hot day was defined when the Z score of daily maximum temperature of that day was equal or more than a given threshold fixed at 1.7, while a heat wave event was considered to occur when the Z score exceeds the threshold for at least three continuous days. According to these criteria, the annual frequency of extreme hot days and the number of heat waves were determined for all stations.

The trend analysis of H* shows a positive trend during the past two decades in Iran, with the maximum number of H* (110 cases) observed in 2010. A significant trend of the number of heat waves per year was also detected during 1991-2013 in all the stations. Overall, results indicate that Iran has experienced heat waves in recent years more often than its long-term average. There will be more frequent and intense hot days and heat waves across Iran until 2050, due to estimated increase of mean air temperature between 0.5-1.1 and 0.8-1.6 degree centigrade for Rcp2.6 and Rcp8.8 scenarios, respectively.

The trend analysis of hot days and heat wave frequencies is a particularly original aspect of this paper. It is very important for policy- and decision-makers especially in agriculture and health sectors of Iran to make some adaptation strategies for future frequent and intense hot days over Iran.

Recent political and socioeconomic events are providing Iran with the opportunity to become a high-profile destination. The question arises as to which strategic objectives can lead Iran to this end. Qualitative and quantitative improvements of hotel supply and the modernization of air transport should be the key objectives within this process. But the preservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, as well as the maintenance of authenticity, must remain the core principle. This chapter focuses on the role of cultural heritage management policies and what their tourism development implies for the host population, which will be the beneficiary of sustainable and responsible tourism development.

This Study aims to present the seismic hazard assessment of the earthquake-prone eastern of Iran that has become more important due to its growing economic importance. Many cities in this region have experienced life and financial losses due to major earthquakes in recent years. Thus, in this study the seismic hazard maps and curves, and site-specific spectrums were obtained by using probabilistic approaches for the region.

The seismotectonic information, seismicity data and earthquake catalogues were gathered, main active seismic sources were identified and seismic zones were considered to cover the potential active seismic regions. The seismic model based on logic tree method used two seismic source models, two declustered catalogues, three choices for earthquake recurrence parameters and maximum considered earthquakes and four ground motion predicting (attenuation) models (GMPE).

The results showed a wide range of seismic hazards levels in the study region. The peak ground acceleration (PGAs) for 475 years returns period ranges between 0.1 g in the north-west part of the region with low seismic activity, to 0.52 g in the south-west part with high levels of seismicity. The PGAs for a 2,475-year period, also ranged from 0.12 to 0.80 g for the same regions. The computed hazard results were compared to the acceptable level of seismic hazard in the region based on Iran seismic code.

A new probabilistic approach has been developed for obtaining seismic hazard maps and curves; these results would help engineers in design of earthquake-resistant structures.

This paper aims to identify and introduce areas in Kerman with a very high potential for produce energy from renewable energy. In this paper, with studying renewable energy resources of the world and Iran, and with the introduction of renewable energy resources in Kerman Province and its counties as a proper supplier of energy in Iran and regions. At the end of this discussion, it is seen that the positive impact of clean energies on the economy, the environment and the health of the region and the country and the potential of the Kerman Province in this rare energy place are considered well.

To study the energy consumption in Iran and based on universal reports, this area is the largest renewable energy production region in Iran.

Currently, electricity used in Kerman is nearly 2,000 MW, while the capacity of production is 1,500 MW which is almost the share of renewable energy in electricity production rate is zero. With regard to industrial development plans in Kerman Province, 5,000 MW of electricity will be needed in the near future, so the province will face an energy crisis. Iran is also a developing country and economy; agriculture and the production of this country is extremely dependent on energy and electricity, and it seems that using renewable energy sources is a way to prevent an energy crisis in the country.

This paper introduces the Kerman Province and examines the potential of this province as a massive source of energy in Iran and the world. Specific qualifications of this region include the climate variability, existing water dams, suitable areas for utilization of biomass and the high potential that this area has for the development of geothermal energy. These qualifications all contribute to make this region a hub for great production of energy from renewable energy sources in Iran.

The reliability prediction is among the most important objectives for achieving overall system performance, and this prediction carried out by anticipating system performance degradation. In this context, the purpose of this research paper is to development of methodology for the photovoltaic (PV) modules' reliability prediction taking into account their future operating context.

The proposed methodology is framed by dependability methods, in this regard, two methods of dysfunctional analysis were used, the Failure Mode and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA) method is carried out for identification of the degradation modes, and the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method is used for identification the causes of PV modules degradation and the parameters influencing its degradation. Then, based on these parameters, accelerated tests have been used to predict the reliability of PV modules.

The application of the proposed methodology on PWX 500 PV modules' in different regions of Algeria makes it possible to predict its reliability, taking into account the future constraints on its operation. In this case, the temperature and relative humidity vary from one region to another was chosen as constraints. The results obtained from the different regions confirms the reliability provided by the designer of the Saharan cities Biskra, In Salah, Tamanraset, and affirms this value for the two Mediterranean cities of Oran and Algiers.

The proposed methodology is developed for the reliability prediction of the PV modules taking into account their future operating context and, the choice of different regions confirms or disproves the reliability provided by the designer of the PV modules studied. This application confirms their performance within the framework of the reliability prediction.

The aim of this paper is to apply a watery infrared filter for silicon solar cell efficiency enhancement in Kerman province of Iran as a talent region for solar energy production.

With this research, the water is applied as a filter for silicon solar cells in different volumes and thicknesses.

The obtained results showed that using various amounts of water could be a suitable choice for increasing the efficiency of silicon solar cells.

Other wavelength regions just cause the increase in the entropy and decrease in the efficiency. With this research, the water is applied as a filter for silicon solar cell in different volumes and thickness. The obtained results showed that using different thicknesses of water could be suitable choice for increasing the efficiency of silicon solar cell.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of basin water depth towards the cumulative distillate yield of the traditional and developed single basin double slope solar still (DSSS).

Modified single basin DSSS integrated with solar operated vacuum fan and external water cooled condenser was fabricated using aluminium material. During sunny season, experimental investigations have been performed in both conventional and modified DSSS at a basin water depth of 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm. Production rate and cumulative distillate yield obtained in traditional and developed DSSS at different water depths were compared and best water depth to attain the maximum productivity and cumulative distillate yield was found out.

Results indicated that both traditional and modified double SS produced maximum yield at the minimum water depth of 3 cm. Cumulative distillate yield of the developed SS was 16.39%, 18.86%, 15.22% and 17.07% higher than traditional at water depths of 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm, respectively. Cumulative distillate yield of the developed SS at 3 cm water depth was 73.17% higher than that of the traditional SS at 12 cm depth.

Performance evaluation of DSSS at various water depths by integrating the combined solar operated Vacuum fan and external Condenser.