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This is a teaching case to be used in courses on funding and execution of renewable-energy projects, sustainable development, project finance or management of financial institutions. The case has been successfully used in courses at the graduate level as well as in executive education. The purpose of this paper is to achieve the following specific objectives. First, to illustrate the adjusted present value (APV) methodology to value investment projects in a project finance setting. Second, to show how APV methodologies can be used to value investment projects with subsidized financing and temporary fiscal incentives. Third, to understand how financial institutions use debt service coverage ratios to measure the capacity of projects to repay debt obligations.

The primary source of information for the study case came from in-depth interviews with senior officials from E+Co and project sponsors. Documents from E+Co's loan approval process and investment committee minutes were also consulted. Also a site visit was performed.

The case is quite interesting along several dimensions. To begin with the case deals with an important (and somewhat difficult decision) the general manager of a financial institution has to make. From a technical point of view, the case involves an APV analysis and requires the estimation of the value added (or destroyed) by several collateral effects of debt in the capital structure of the project (something seldom treated in formal courses or standard finance textbooks). In addition, even though standard financial analysis would probably have led to select on alternative course of action, the authors know the protagonist of the case actually decided to do something different based on an additional analysis (a nice postscript for the case, therefore).

Been a case study, the findings may be quite particular of the particular situation and context. However, the case provides good insight into the difficulties and problems entrepreneurs face in developing economies as well as in funding small renewable energy projects around the world.

The case provides a number of important lessons and learning opportunities for sponsors of renewable energy power projects and managers of financial institutions.

Please refer to the findings section above.

Tanzania is rich in small hydropower (SHP) potentials. However, many of these potentials have yet to be fully used, and more than two-thirds of its rural population lacks access to electricity. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of SHP stations in improving rural welfare in the southern highlands of Tanzania. It further explores the history, cost-effective analysis and threats to the sustainability of SHP as one of the renewable energy sources.

The study uses a qualitative research design to explore respondents’ views on the role of SHP stations in facilitating rural electrification and welfare improvement. Primary data were gathered using semi-structured interviews with the 27 key informants and beneficiaries of SHP stations from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. In addition, the study used documentary research to complement the information from the field survey.

The findings found that SHP stations enhance rural electrification and welfare by providing electricity in remote areas with sparse populations. They operate as standalone off-grids, often by church communities and individuals. However, the sustainability of SHP stations is hampered by challenges such as climate change impacts, high capital investment costs, heavy siltation of small reservoirs, skilled manpower shortages, limited local manufacturing capabilities and infrastructural issues.

The study contributes to the ongoing debate on renewable energy supply and uses, focusing on how SHP stations could contribute to sustainable rural electrification and achieve the 2030 United Nations agenda for sustainable development, which, among other things, aims to safeguard access to sustainable and modern energy and alleviate energy poverty.

This paper aims to present a forecast for renewable energy production in the USA. Growth curves are used to conduct the forecasts.

The analysis is based upon a literature review, supplemented by collection of secondary data. The study then focuses on applying the Pearl growth curve.

The authors' results show that biomass energy production is growing the fastest followed by geothermal and wind. Additionally, the forecast for solar energy production shows little to no growth over the next two decades.

If the US government hopes to achieve its goals in renewable energy, considerable funding and incentives will have to be put forth to accelerate the growth of renewable energy. Since the biomass technology is already growing nicely it makes sense to put the additional resources behind the other three technologies to close the 10.3 percent gap being forecasted. The government also needs to put more funding into dual renewable plants such as wind or solar combines with pumped hydro, this will ensure environmental and reliability are both maintained. Finally, for renewable energies to be competitive in the long term, considerable research needs to go into driving down the cost so there is not a need for subsidies.

This study provides value in providing a forecast for expected future growth for renewable energy sources.

In terms of countries, renewable energy sources are increasing their importance day by day. The decrease in fossil fuels and the difficulty of accessing the related fuels as well as their expensiveness can be cited as reasons for this situation. This situation obliges countries to make legal arrangements for the production and use of renewable energy sources in their legal systems. In this context, legal arrangements have been made in Turkey regarding the production and use of related energy resources. One of these regulations is the law dated May 10, 2005 and numbered 5346. The relevant law aims to bring electrical energy to the economy in a reliable, economical, and at the same time high quality way by using renewable energy sources. At the same time, the main purposes of enacting the law include increasing the diversity of resources in energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible, evaluating waste, and protecting the environment. At the same time, the law includes sustainable energy sources. It has been defined as nonfossil energy sources such as hydraulic, wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, waves, currents, and tides. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to examine what renewable energy sources are and to reveal the legal nature of energy services by considering the production and use of renewable energy sources in Turkey in the context of Turkish legal legislation.

This paper aims to identify and introduce areas in Kerman with a very high potential for produce energy from renewable energy. In this paper, with studying renewable energy resources of the world and Iran, and with the introduction of renewable energy resources in Kerman Province and its counties as a proper supplier of energy in Iran and regions. At the end of this discussion, it is seen that the positive impact of clean energies on the economy, the environment and the health of the region and the country and the potential of the Kerman Province in this rare energy place are considered well.

To study the energy consumption in Iran and based on universal reports, this area is the largest renewable energy production region in Iran.

Currently, electricity used in Kerman is nearly 2,000 MW, while the capacity of production is 1,500 MW which is almost the share of renewable energy in electricity production rate is zero. With regard to industrial development plans in Kerman Province, 5,000 MW of electricity will be needed in the near future, so the province will face an energy crisis. Iran is also a developing country and economy; agriculture and the production of this country is extremely dependent on energy and electricity, and it seems that using renewable energy sources is a way to prevent an energy crisis in the country.

This paper introduces the Kerman Province and examines the potential of this province as a massive source of energy in Iran and the world. Specific qualifications of this region include the climate variability, existing water dams, suitable areas for utilization of biomass and the high potential that this area has for the development of geothermal energy. These qualifications all contribute to make this region a hub for great production of energy from renewable energy sources in Iran.

This research assesses the economic impact of biomass plant installations on Brazilian municipalities, focusing on (1) labor income, (2) sectoral labor income and (3) income inequality.

Municipal data from the Annual Social Information Report, the National Electric Energy Agency and the National Institute of Meteorology spanning 2002 to 2020 are utilized. The Synthetic Difference-in-Differences methodology is employed for empirical analysis, and robustness checks are conducted using the Doubly Robust Difference in Differences and the Double/Debiased Machine Learning methods.

The findings reveal that biomass plant installations lead to an average annual increase of approximately R$688.00 in formal workers' wages and reduce formal income inequality, with notable benefits observed for workers in the industry and agriculture sectors. The robustness tests support and validate the primary results, highlighting the positive implications of renewable energy integration on economic development in the studied municipalities.

This article represents a groundbreaking contribution to the existing literature as it pioneers the identification of the impact of biomass plant installation on formal employment income and local economic development in Brazil. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to uncover such effects. Moreover, the authors comprehensively examine sectoral implications and formal income inequality.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an immediate image about the reality of the renewable energies as experienced by an Algerian company.

The adopted approach focused on assessment of renewable energies’ impact (especially the thermal solar power) on the environment and on the economic aspect of an Algerian company.

The perception of environmental dimension is highlighted by means of an evaluation study supported by the calculation of quantities of CO₂ emitted by two power stations (the new hybrid power station of Hassi R’mel (SPPI) and a conventional one (Sonelgaz)).

This research has limitations that the authors plan to study in perspective: assessing the impact of wind systems on the environmental and economic aspects.

The analysis of obtained results shows and puts emphasis on the importance of renewable energies, especially thermal solar power, by identifying and evaluating the environmental and economic aspects of the new hybrid power station of Hassi R’mel (SPPI) and a conventional one (Sonelgaz) and by comparing the importance of their atmospheric emissions.

The paper shows that this new technology represents in theory a solution for environmental problems and could also be economically competitive with conventional energies if wisely exploited.

This is a preliminary study on the modal split of reducing environmental contaminants to a minimum. In this paper, we focus on NO_x as a typical air pollutant and make clear the structure of energy flow with regard to freight transport using input‐output analysis. Then we present a mathematical model for the optimal modal split considering the input‐output structure of energy flow. The goal of this model is to minimize NO_x which is emitted in the processes of freight transport, energy transport and energy production subject to maintaining the status quo of freight volume transported in Japan. This model is applied to the actual freight transport problem in Japan and the validity of this model is evaluated. As the result of that, we could suggest a policy of the modal shift, which can reduce the volume of NO_x emissions in the transportation sector by approximately 30 per cent compared to the current circumstances in Japan.

Increasing dependence on energy in the world, the energy used in production processes being highly dependent on nonrenewable resources, environmental pollution as a result of these activities, and the depletion of natural resources make the continuity of economic development difficult. Environmental negativities as a result of economic production processes pose a serious threat to the future of humanity. It is a social responsibility to make an environmental management plan for the future by turning to renewable energy sources in line with the understanding of sustainability and to act with a strategic approach. The aim of this study is to determine the attitude of consumers, who are an important stakeholder of the institutional system, toward renewable energy sources. In addition, it is aimed to increase social awareness and awareness about renewable energy in the focus of sustainability understanding. In this context, the attitude of Turkish consumers toward renewable energy has been measured. 346 respondents participated the survey. Based on the findings, there is a statistical significance in terms of renewable energy sources' effects on living things factor according to age variable.