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This study aims to examine food tourists’ engagement in positive and negative electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) by considering the following questions: Do satisfied customers engage in advocacy, and do dissatisfied customers make the same effort to spread their negative experiences? Which restaurant experience attributes influence eWOM behavior? What demographic and psychographic characteristics contribute to advocacy?

Using data from an online survey of 456 consumers with restaurant experience in the tourism context, this study applied simultaneous Tobit estimation to examine the research hypotheses.

Engagement in negative eWOM because of poor experiences was stronger than engagement in positive eWOM because of positive experiences. Food taste was a critical attribute for both positive and negative eWOM. Authenticity was influential for positive eWOM only, and value was influential for negative eWOM only. Atmosphere, service and location were found to be insignificant, indicating that they are ‘indifferent’ factors for eWOM in the food tourism context. Female customers were more active in negative advocacy, while Generation Y customers were more active in positive advocacy. Food involvement was significantly related to both positive and negative eWOM.

The results of this study provide useful marketing and service insights for restaurant managers in the digitally connected world, enabling them to formulate services based on factors critical for restaurant eWOM in the tourism context.

To fill a gap in the current literature in the era of digital marketing, this study takes a comprehensive yet industry-specific perspective on eWOM engagement by examining demographic factors and the food involvement of consumers as well as restaurant experience attributes. By investigating both positive and negative eWOM, this study presents meaningful practical and theoretical implications.

The purpose of this paper is to explore and describe different viewpoints on the use of social networking sites (SNSs). It analyzes perceptional typologies of SNS users and the characteristics of each type, which has similarities and differences. It also examined possible relationships among different perceptional types, users’ self-identities, and their personality.

This study utilized Q-methodology in order to identify diverse explanations of SNS users’ perspectives. Q-methodology requires participants (referred to as P sample) to sort a series of items (Q-statements). After completing a questionnaire including demographics, self-identity, etc., each respondent performed the Q-sorting work. This task involves sorting well-composed statements about SNSs (Q-sample). In all, 46 SNS users from a university in Korea were chosen as participants. Once the P sample had finished Q-sorting, participants had in-depth interviews. When all interviews were finalized, analysis of the Q-sorts was done with the help of QUNAL program.

Consequently, four types of SNS users were identified and given the following descriptive labels: Impression Management Type, Lurker Type, SNS Enjoyer and Relationship Focus Type, and Social Value Orientation Type. Further, there was a significant difference in “Relational Identity” among user types. Regarding personality, the extraversion of Type III appeared to be the highest, and the extraversion of Type II appeared to be the lowest.

Combining aspects of both qualitative and quantitative research to study the subjectivity, the findings of this study provide insight for further research regarding an audience study or an examination of the media behaviors of SNSs. It also suggests theoretical and practical implications.

In 2018, an artificial intelligence (AI) interview platform was introduced and adopted by companies in Korea. This study aims to explore the perspectives of applicants who have experienced an AI-based interview through this platform and examines the opinions of companies, a platform developer and academia.

This study uses a phenomenological approach. The participants, who had recent experience of AI video interviews, were recruited offline and online. Eighteen job applicants in their 20s, two companies that have adopted this interview platform, a software developer who created the platform and three professors participated in the study. To collect data, focus group interviews and in-depth interviews were conducted.

As a result, all of them believed that an AI-based interview was more efficient than a traditional one in terms of cost and time savings and is likely to be adopted by more companies in the future. They pointed to the possibility of data bias requiring an improvement in AI accountability. Applicants perceived an AI-based interview to be better than traditional evaluation procedures in procedural fairness, objectivity and consistency of algorithms. However, some applicants were dissatisfied about being assessed by AI. Digital divide and automated inequality were recurring themes in this study.

The study is important, as it addresses the real application of AI in detail, and a case study of smart hiring tools would be valuable in finding the practical and theoretical implications of such hiring in the fields of employment and AI.

The economic success of East Asia was due to an export-led growth strategy, which was heavily dependent on the global trading system underpinned by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). In recent years, however; East Asian countries have shifted their trade policy focus to regional agreements and made Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) among themselves arid with other regions. Government organization has been restructured to increase FTA activities. Generally, the current literature predicts that FTA activities of East Asia would help to increase the welfare of the region. In this paper; we offer a critical assessment of East Asia FTAs. We note that East Asia FTAs provide incomplete coverage of sectors and are likely to lead to an inefficient resource allocation. FTA movements are not matched with actual trade flows. The benefits of East Asia FTAs are fairly limited and potential benefits, if any, would not likely be materialized in the near future. Our overall assessment is that the recent policy shift in East Asian countries from multilateral trade orientation or unilateral action to regionalism or a parallel multilateral and regional trade approach will not produce much gain. The governments should increase their efforts at economic reform and reduce barriers to trade and investment, rather than to allocate more resource and manpower to FTA activities.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between environmental factors and building energy consumption of three Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified buildings at the Arizona State University, by establishing the relationships of the outside atmospheric temperature and the energy consumed in the building using real-time data generated from different sources.

K-means clustering analysis is used to calibrate and eliminate unwanted influences or factors from a set of building consumption real-time data. For further statistical analysis, the chi-square is used to verify if the results are ample to prove the findings.

Few studies have addressed building energy consumption real-time data versus LEED Energy and Atmosphere (EA) credits with the data mining technique (k-means clustering) on most of building performance analyses. This study highlighted that the calibrating energy data are a better approach to analyze energy use in buildings and that there is a relationship between LEED credits’ (EA) Optimize Energy Performance scores and building energy efficiency. However, the energy consumption data alone do not yield useful results to establish the cause and effect relationships.

Although there are several previous research studies regarding LEED building energy performance, this research study focused on the LEED building energy performance versus LEED EA credits versus environmental factors using real-time building energy data and various statistical methods (e.g. K-means clustering and chi-square). The findings provide researchers, engineers and architects with valuable references for building energy analysis methods and supplements in LEED standards.

Considering that corporate social responsibility (CSR) addresses a wide range of claims from multiple stakeholders, companies must determine their CSR scope. This paper aims to examine what factors influence a firm’s decision in its scope of CSR. In exploring what factors influence CSR scope, the authors examine the relationship between a firm’s prosocial orientation and CSR and further examine its boundary conditions by the existence of CSR department.

This study uses a data set – the Social Value Survey – administered by the Center for Social Value Enhancement Studies based in the context of Korean firms. Based on 86 firm responses, statistical models were performed to test hypotheses.

The findings show that a firm’s prosocial orientation is positively associated with CSR scope. Further, this study shows that there is a negative moderating effect of the CSR department for the relationship between the prosocial orientation and CSR scope.

This study attempts to contribute to the extensive line of work on the antecedents of CSR by exploring the simultaneous existence of various drivers of CSR and the interplay between the drivers. And this study enhances the understanding on what factors influence the decision of CSR scope within a complex system of diverse stakeholder relationships. Additionally, this study has potentially shed light on the role of CSR departments to determine CSR scope.

Certified B Corporations (B Corps) represent a prominent manifestation of applying stakeholder principles in practice by emphasizing social and environmental performance and striving to create value for all stakeholders. This paper aims to investigate an important question that has been unexplored so far in a vast body of literature on stakeholder management and fast-growing research on B Corps: does the timing of a B Corp’s certification impact the firm’s economic and social performance?

The research on the timing of obtaining B Corp certification is built around three intriguing puzzles: the impact of certification timing on a firm’s economic performance, social performance overall and social performance per stakeholder. In particular, the study examines the relationship between B Corp’s certification date and firms’ financial and social performance between 2017 and 2020.

Based on the data from 168 privately owned B Corps in the USA, the results of our study suggest that while there is no financial benefit associated with earlier certification, there are significant improvements in social performance. Yet, a firm’s social performance improvement is not uniform among its stakeholders.

This study explored the impact of B Corp certification’s timing on the firm’s economic performance within only three years, from 2017 to 2019. This limitation comes from the specifics of the PrivCo database. Measuring a firm economic performance over a longer period may benefit the research on B Corp certification’s timing and which can be a promising path for future research.

When it comes to practical implications, it is important that firms deciding to pursue a B Corp certification understand that certification may not result in an immediate financial impact. This practical implication, though, may need to be calibrated depending on the extent to which participating organizations publicize their certification.

Despite the growing popularity of B Corps in the USA and worldwide, it has been a black box when it comes to understanding when exactly firms should start to pursue B Corp certification to enhance their social value creation. Thus, this study is well timed to contribute to unpacking this black box by showing that the earlier a firm obtains B Corp certification, the more social value it would create. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the only study to date that explored the social performance implications of timing to certify as a B Corp.

When it comes to practical implications, it is important that firms deciding to pursue a B Corp certification understand that certification may not result in an immediate financial impact. This practical implication, though, may need to be calibrated depending on the extent to which participating organizations publicize their certification.

This paper aims to understand the impact of smart working on employees’ quality of life. The service-dominant logic indicates that key actors, including employees, are resource integrators. This empirical study contributes to the current knowledge of transformative service by expounding on smart working practices and their relationship with self-efficacy and, ultimately, quality of life of employees.

This study contends that smart working enhances employees’ self-efficacy. The current research uses conservation of resources (COR) theory as a basis in hypothesizing that self-efficacy serves as a key resource, which can stimulate workplace creativity, job satisfaction and quality of life. An onsite survey is conducted among employees who have been involved in smart working in the travel agency context.

Smart working has a positive effect on self-efficacy, which positively influences workplace creativity, job satisfaction and quality of life. Workplace creativity enhances job satisfaction but does not influence quality of life. Job satisfaction boosts quality of life, which is important to tourism services and their employees amid various crises.

Consistent with COR theory, the immediate recommendation to managers is to invest in smart working, which can lead to employees’ creativity, job satisfaction and quality of life.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this empirical study is the first to assess the viability of smart working in the travel agency context. Smart working offers positive outcomes, such as convenience for employees to work independently, improving workplace creativity, job satisfaction and quality of life. Travel agencies are mainly categorized as small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In the future, SMEs may also introduce smart working that can eventually become their competitive advantage to retain talented employees.

旅行社中的智慧办公与员工的生活质量

本文旨在了解智慧办公对员工的影响.服务主导逻辑表明, 员工等关键人物是资源整合者。本文通过实证研究揭示了智慧办公实践及其与员工自我效能和生活质量的关系, 对现有转型服务知识做出贡献。

本研究认为智慧办公可以提高员工的自我效能。基于资源守恒理论(COR), 本研究假设自我效能是激发职场创造力、工作满意度和生活质量的关键因素, 对旅行社中参与智慧办公的员工进行了现场调查。

智慧办公对自我效能有正向影响, 同时自我效能对职场创造力、工作满意度和生活质量均产生正向影响。职场创造力能够提高工作满意度, 但对员工的生活质量不起作用。另外, 工作满意度有利于提升生活质量, 这对面临各种危机的旅游企业和员工具有重要意义。

根据COR理论, 即刻建议管理者投资推行智慧办公, 从而提升员工的创造力, 工作满意度和生活质量。

这一实证研究首次尝试评估旅行社中推行智慧办公的可行性。智慧办公可带来多种积极效果, 如为员工独立工作提供便利, 提升员工的职场创造力、工作满意度和生活质量等。旅行社属于中小型企业(SMEs)。未来, 中小型企业同样可尝试引入智慧办公, 这将成为其留住优秀员工的竞争优势。

关键词：智慧办公, 公平评估, 自我效能, 创造力, 自主, 生活质量

文章类型： 研究型论文

El trabajo inteligente en las agencias de viajes y la calidad de vida de los empleados

Resumen

Este artículo tiene como objetivo entender el impacto del trabajo inteligente en la calidad de vida de los empleados. Basándose en la lógica de servicio dominante, los actores clave, incluidos los empleados, son integradores de recursos. Este estudio empírico contribuye al conocimiento actual de lo que constituye un servicio transformador al exponer prácticas laborales inteligentes y su relación con la autoeficacia y, en última instancia, la calidad de vida de los empleados.

Este estudio sostiene que el trabajo inteligente mejora la autoeficacia de los empleados. Plantea la hipótesis de que la autoeficacia sirve como un recurso clave que puede estimular la creatividad en el lugar de trabajo, la satisfacción laboral y la calidad de vida utilizando la teoría de la conservación de recursos. Se ha realizado una encuesta in situ entre los empleados que han llevado a cabo trabajo inteligente en el contexto de la agencia de viajes.

El trabajo inteligente tiene un efecto positivo en la autoeficacia que influye positivamente en la creatividad en el lugar de trabajo, la satisfacción laboral y la calidad de vida. La creatividad en el lugar de trabajo mejora la satisfacción laboral, pero no influye en la calidad de vida. La satisfacción laboral mejora la calidad de vida, lo que es importante tanto para los servicios turísticos como para sus empleados durante las crisis.

De acuerdo con la teoría de la conservación de recursos, la recomendación inmediata a los gerentes es invertir en un trabajo inteligente que pueda conducir a la creatividad, la satisfacción laboral y la calidad de vida de los empleados.

Este estudio empírico es el primero del que tengamos constancia en evaluar la viabilidad del trabajo inteligente en el contexto de la agencia de viajes. El trabajo inteligente ofrece beneficios, como la posibilidad de que los empleados trabajen de forma independiente, mejorando así la creatividad profesional, la satisfacción laboral y la calidad de vida. Las agencias de viajes se incluyen principalmente en la categoría de pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes). En el futuro, las pymes también pueden introducir el trabajo inteligente, que puede llegar a convertirse en su ventaja competitiva para retener a los empleados con talento.

Trabajo inteligente, Equidad en las valoraciones, Autoeficacia, Creatividad, Autonomía, Calidad de vida

This study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect relationship of utilitarian motivation, hedonic motivation and self-identity to travelers’ attitude toward travel mobile application usage using the technology acceptance model (TAM). In addition, this study identified the differences in these relationships according to users’ level of experience in general mobile application usage.

This study used a causal research design. Online survey was conducted with a self-administered questionnaire.

Utilitarian motivation is the most important factor in shaping the attitude in using travel mobile applications. However, hedonic motivation plays a role as an important catalyst for utilitarian motivation. Self-identity has a positive direct effect on attitude and an indirect effect through perceived enjoyment. There were differences in these relationships by the years of using similar technologies, general mobile application.

This study provided meaningful implications for practitioners who utilize mobile applications as their communication channel with customers in the hospitality and tourism industry. For example, using graphic and simple icons helps users make free of efforts from reading and writing in text.

This paper presented an important and needed research for the area of hospitality information technology. This study enhances the understanding of travel mobile application usage behavior by investigating interrelationship of utilitarian/hedonic motivation and self-identity on attitude toward using travel mobile application.