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This study elucidated the connections among the influence of Singaporean hawkers, local gastronomy involvement, and the three dimensions of authenticity (objective, constructive, and existential). Furthermore, it investigates how personal nostalgia affects the cultural identity of hawkers.

A self-administered questionnaire was created to assess hawker influence, gastronomy involvement, authenticity, personal nostalgia, and hawker cultural identity. Survey data was gathered from 401 Singapore residents aged 18 and older.

Results of the structural equation modeling revealed various significant aspects of hawker influence, including physical and social environments, uniqueness and cultural significance, and hygiene and food safety. Hawker influence and local gastronomy contributed to objective authenticity, which, in turn, affected constructive and existential authenticity, ultimately shaping personal nostalgia and hawker cultural identity.

The study offers guidance for stakeholders in sustaining hawker culture, emphasizing authenticity’s role and the importance of nostalgia in identity formation. By aligning with the progressive nature of Singapore, these implications aim to ensure the continued thriving of this invaluable legacy for generations to come.

The study affirms relationships between hawker influence, local gastronomy involvement, and authenticity constructs. It emphasizes the hawker’s role and gastronomy involvement in influencing individuals’ perceived authenticity and accentuates the potential for authenticity in strengthening national branding.

A total of 345 young female hawkers (YFH) from six motor‐parks in south‐western Nigeria were interviewed to determine the nature and extent of violent acts against them – particularly sexual harassment, economic violence, forced marriage and involuntary withdrawal from school. Beatings or batterings and being sexually abused in childhood were reported. The most common perpetrators of the abuse were drivers or bus conductors and neighbours and these acts mostly occurred in the motor‐parks and at home. About a quarter had experienced attempted rape, while about one in 20 had actually been raped. The rapists were spouses and boyfriends. Most of the victims did not seek care or redress. Concludes that violence is a major problem affecting YFH and recommends education programmes for men on both physical and sexual violence, and on culturally‐promoted, psychological and economic violence. YFH need to be empowered educationally and economically to enable them to resist violence.

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic impacts the financial condition and the mental health of millions of workers from various informal sectors. This study aims to look into the hawkers’ community’s mental health and living conditions in Bangladesh during COVID-19.

The researchers have applied the purposive sampling technique to choose ten hawkers from Khulna city, a district in the southern region of Bangladesh. An in-depth interview was taken in the Bengali language in an unstructured manner and lasted 30–40 min per respondent.

The findings showed that the Hawkers’ income reduced, and specifically, during the pandemic, they had earned half of what they usually made before. Besides, they could not open their stores because law enforcement agencies imposed restrictions on opening business centres during the lockdown except for some emergency necessities shops. This restriction led the hawkers to stop selling their products because there was a high chance of spreading the virus through the products they sold. Due to income reduction, they had to eat cheap food, which caused their health problems. Consequently, this community mentally got depressed.

Policymakers in Bangladesh might think about enacting more effective measures to provide some extrinsic and intrinsic support in improving the mental health of the hawkers’ community.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on the mental of the hawkers’ community during COVID-19.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the socio‐demographic factors affecting food safety knowledge/practice and the effectiveness of food safety strategies of hawkers in an urban and less urban setting of Malaysia.

A total of 50 hawkers from Kuala Lumpur and Taiping were given a questionnaire and observed in their food safety practice (FSP). In‐depth interviews were performed on four hawkers from Kuala Lumpur and Taiping.

Of all hawker types, Muslim/Malay hawkers, hawkers with higher educational levels, hawkers in designated sites and hawkers in an urban setting scored the highest on food safety knowledge and/or practice. This study found inadequate distribution/impracticality of regulations/guidelines for hawkers, ambiguities with licensing procedures, weaknesses in training programmes and significant complaints of designated sites by hawkers.

Ethnicity, religion, education and type of premise are socio‐demographic factors that may affect food safety knowledge/practices of hawkers. An urban/less urban setting may also affect hawkers' food safety knowledge/practice. Ineffectiveness of food safety strategies of the Control Authority may exist and may vary across different regions of Malaysia. Thus, food safety strategies must be regulated/reinforced and adapted to hawkers' socio‐demographic status, to ensure the safety of hawker foods in Malaysia.

THAT spar repairs were indeed needed, and not only for repairing damage caused by bullets, shells and “flak”, is evidenced by the fact that on one occasion a Hurricane had the bottom boom of the front spar severed when it flew into a balloon cable. Fortunately, the cable broke and the pilot succeeded in flying the aero‐plane back to his station. The wing was satisfactorily repaired at Hawker's Homewood works; some idea of the extent of the damage will be gained from FIG. 11.

IT was not until the Battle of Britain that Hawker Aircraft Ltd. found, like so many other aircraft firms, that pre‐war repair methods were unsuitable for dealing with the variety and quantity of work which resulted from large‐scale engagements in the air. They discovered that not only were new types of repairs needed but also that more attention had to be paid to the speedy distribution of repair information.

During the last few years Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Engineering have supplied many Versatran programmable manipulators with the image of the Versatran being primarily that of an industrial robot. It is intended in this paper to demonstrate how practical experience gained by Hawker Siddeley Dynamic Engineering indicates that there are very good reasons for supplying alternatives to a standard robot, for the 500P system of which most people will be familiar, Fig. 1a has in some cases too much capability and in other cases is inadequate. The market therefore has been rather limited for such a robot.

Despite the most thorough testing, both on experimental rigs and in prototype flight trials, the hydraulic systems of the first Hawker Siddeley Trident to go into service with B.E.A. developed internal leaks which seriously affected aircraft maintenance. Investigations showed that seepage was occurring at jack valves, which were suffering from erosion The hydraulic fluid used in the systems was Skydrol 500A, selected as a fluid already in use on a world‐wide basis for the safety inherent in its fireproof properties. This fluid had not been known to induce erosion in other aircraft. After almost a year of intensive research the makers of the aircraft, with the help of hydraulic components manufacturers, found the source of this apparent anomaly. The result of the investigation here described will benefit the designers and operators of hydraulic systems in general.

WITH a vertical take‐off aircraft like the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the only ground attack/ reconnaissance jet V/S.T.O.L. weapons system in operational service today, the air intakes have a vital influence on design and performance. At lift‐off and landing they need to absorb an exceptionally large flow of air with minimum loss. This demands a relatively large intake, which in turn increases the difficulty of keeping down drag during high speed flight. These design problems had to be met whilst providing also the ability to accept violent manoeuvring throughout all phases of the operational envelope.

THE Harrier is not only an effective V/S.T.O.L. machine, it is also an efficient strike aircraft. This has only been achieved by the solution of a wider than usual range of aerodynamic problems. Solving these problems has not been made easy by the apparent incompatibility of some of the requirements at the two extremes of the speed range. The intake, for example, has had to be endowed with an extremely high static efficiency at high mass flows to provide the best possible V/S.T.O.L. performance. At the same time excessive spillage drag could not be tolerated in conventional flight. This particular aspect is covered in detail elsewhere in this issue. Similar problems have arisen in the field of stability and control and this subject will form the main part of this chapter. Mention will also be made of some other aerodynamic aspects of particular interest.