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The interaction of systems through a designated control channel has improved communication, efficiency, management, storage, processing, etc. across several industries. The construction industry is an industry that thrives on a well-planned workflow rhythm; a change in the environmental dynamism will either have a positive or negative impact on the output of the project planned for execution. More so, raising the need for effective collaboration through workflow and project planning, grid application in construction facilitates the relationship between the project reality and the end users, all with the aim of improving resources and value management. However, decentralisation of close-domain control can cause uncertainty and incompleteness of data. And this can be a big factor, especially when a complex project is being executed.

Taking instances from extant findings from the literature, the study aims to examine the community perception toward renewable energy (RE) off-grid (mini-grid/microgrid) intervention, the underlying rationales for engagement of communities in RE off-grid projects, the different alternatives/models to engage communities in various phases of RE off-grid project deployment.

The study has followed the structured literature review to explore the identified research question of the study.

Based on findings from the review, the framework for effective community engagement in RE mini-grid projects is suggested. Furthermore, the study also draws suggestions and implications for future research and practice.

Based on such understanding the present study offers the framework which suggests the steps for the engagement of the communities in the off-grid projects. The key steps are managing the perception of the community (including generation of awareness among the community), planning for the benefits of the community, linkage the sustainable development goals (SDG), planning for the inclusion of the community and measuring performance (in the line of social and economic criteria and SDG).

This study finds the gap in the literature on the nexus of community, off-grid energy projects and SDG. Following the findings from the scholars in this field, a few gaps in the policy and practice have been highlighted which could be useful for practitioners and policymakers in this area.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a control strategy to fulfill low-voltage ride through (LVRT) requirements in wind energy conversion system (WECS).

This paper considers an active front-end converter of a grid connected WECS working under grid fault conditions. Two strategies based on symmetrical components are studied and proposed: the first one considers control only for positive sequence control (PSC); the second one considered a dual controller for positive and negative sequence controller (PNSC). The performance of each strategy is studied on LVRT requirements fulfillment.

This paper shows presents a control strategy based on symmetrical component to keep the operation of grid-connected WECS under unsymmetrical grid fault conditions.

This work is being applied to a 2 kVA laboratory prototype. The lab prototype emulates a grid connected WECS.

This paper validate the PNSC strategy to LVRT requirements fulfillment by experimental results obtained for a 2 kVA laboratory prototype. PNSC strategy allows constant active power delivery through grid-voltage dips. In addition, the proposed strategy is able to grid-voltage support by injection of reactive power. Additional features are incorporated to PNSC: sequence separation method using delay signal cancellation and grid frequency identification using phase locked loop.

The averaged Navier‐Stokes and the k‐e turbulence model equations are used to simulate turbulent flows in some internal flow cases. The discrete equations are solved by different variations of Multigrid methods. These include both steady state as well as time dependent solvers. Locally refined grids can be added dynamically in all cases. The Multigrid schemes result in fast convergence rates, whereas local grid refinements allow improved accuracy with rational increase in problem size. The applications of the solver to a 3‐D (cold) furnace model and to the simulation of the flow in a wind tunnel past an object prove the efficiency of the Multigrid scheme with local grid refinement.

Two and one half‐dimensional (2.5D) grid maps are useful for navigation in outdoor environment or on non‐flat surface. However, little attention has been given to how to find an optimal path in a 2.5D grid map. The purpose of this paper is to develop a path‐planning method in a 2.5D grid map, which aims to provide an efficient solution to robot path planning no matter whether the robot is equipped with the prior knowledge of the environment.

A 2.5D grid representation is proposed to model non‐flat surface for mobile robots. According to the graph extracted from the 2.5D grid map, an improved searching approach derived from A* algorithm is presented for the shortest path planning. With reasonable assumption, the approach is improved for the path planning in unknown environment.

It is confirmed by experiments that the proposed planning approach provide a solution to the problem of optimal path planning in 2.5 grid maps. Furthermore, the experiment results demonstrate that our 2.5D D* method leads to more efficient dynamic path planning for navigation in unknown environment.

This paper proposes a path‐planning approach in a 2.5D grid map which is used to represent a non‐flat surface. The approach is capable of efficient navigation no matter whether the global environmental information is available at the beginning of exploration.

A solution algorithm for the numerical calculation of isothermal fluid flow inside gas turbine combustors is presented. The finite‐volume method together with curvilinear non‐orthogonal coordinates and a non‐staggered grid arrangement is employed. Cartesian velocity components are chosen as dependent variables in the momentum equations. The turbulent flow inside the combustor is modelled by the k—ε turbulence model. The grid is generated by solving elliptic equations. This solution algorithm, which can be used on both can‐type and annular combustors, is tested on a water model can‐type combustor because of the availability of geometrical and experimental data for comparison.

Error indicators are introduced as part of a simple computational procedure for improving the accuracy of the finite element solutions for plate and shell problems. The procedure is based on using an initial (coarse) grid and a refined (enriched) grid, and approximating the solution for the refined grid by a linear combination of a few global approximation vectors (or modes) which are generated by solving two uncoupled sets of equations in the coarse grid unknowns and the additional degrees of freedom of the refined grid. The global approximation vectors serve as error indicators since they provide quantitative pointwise information about the sensitivity of the different response quantities to the approximation used. The three key elements of the computational procedure are: (a) use of mixed finite element models with discontinuous stress resultants at the element interfaces; (b) operator splitting, or additive decomposition of the finite element arrays for the refined grid into the sum of the coarse grid arrays and correction terms (representing the refined grid contributions); and (c) application of a reduction method through successive use of the finite element method and the classical Bubnov—Galerkin technique. The finite element method is first used to generate a few global approximation vectors (or modes). Then the amplitudes of these modes are computed by using the Bubnov—Galerkin technique. The similarities between the proposed computational procedure and a preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) technique are identified and are exploited to generate from the PCG technique pointwise error indicators. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is demonstrated by means of two numerical examples of an isotropic toroidal shell and a laminated anisotropic cylindrical panel.

Path planning approaches based on conventional occupancy grid maps are problematic in off‐road environment because impossible areas include not only obstacles but also landscapes like ramps and pits. The purpose of this paper is to develop a path planning method in a hybrid grid map, which aims to provide a better solution for outdoor navigation.

A hybrid vision system which consists of one stereo vision and one omnidirectional vision is adopted to provide environmental information for 2.5D grid and 2D grid mapping, respectively. An improved planning method originated from conventional D*‐based search algorithm is proposed for more efficient navigation in such hybrid grid maps.

It is confirmed by simulations and experiments that the path planning in the hybrid grid map is more efficient than that in conventional grid maps. Furthermore, it helps to guarantee a safe exploration for field and planetary robots.

This paper proposes a path planning approach in a hybrid grid map representing unstructured environment. The map consists of two different grid representations with diverse resolutions and structures, named 2.5D and 2D grids. The navigation process is expected to become efficient by reducing the replanning times and track length.

In the grid‐based simulation, the resource application needed is distributed in the grid environment as grid service, and time management is a key problem in the simulation system. Grid workflow provides convenience for grid user to management and executes grid services. But it emphasizes process and no time‐management, so a temporally constrained grid workflow model is pointed out based on grid flow with temporally constraint to schedule resources and manage time.

The temporally constrained grid workflow model is distributed model: the federate has local temporal constraints and interactive temporal constraints among federates. The problem to manage time is a temporally distributed constraint satisfaction problem given deadline time and duration time of grid services. Multi‐asynchronous weak‐commitment search (AWS) algorithm is an approach to resolve DCSP, so a practical example of a simulation project‐based grid system was presented to introduce application of Multi‐AWS algorithm.

The temporally constrained grid workflow is based temporal reasoning and grid workflow description about grid services.

The new problem about scheduling resources and managing time in the grid‐based simulation is pointed out; and the approach to resolve the problem is applied into a practical example.

The geometric conservation law (GCL) is an important concept for moving grid techniques because it directly regulates the treatments of the fluid flow and grid movement. With the grid movement at every time instant, the Jacobian, associated with the volume of each element in curvilinear co‐ordinates, needs to be updated in a conservative manner. In this study, alternative GCL schemes for evaluating the Jacobian have been investigated in the context of a pressure‐based Navier‐Stokes solver, utilizing moving grid and the first‐order implicit time stepping procedure as well as the PISO scheme. GCL‐based on first and second‐order, implicit as well as time‐averaged, time integration schemes were considered. Accuracy and conservative properties were tested on steady‐state, laminar flow inside a 2D channel and time dependent, turbulent flow around a 3D elastic wing; both treated with moving grid techniques. It seems that the formal order of accuracy is not a decisive indicator. Instead, the speed of grid movement and the interplay between the flow solver and the GCL treatments make a more noticeable impact.