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Space allocation is usually explained through the use of optimization models. This study examines the perceptions of experienced managers in major UK grocery retailers relating to effective space utilization. From the literature, initial telephone survey and interviews, 48 variables relating to the same issue were identified. These then formed the basis of a questionnaire, which was postally administered to managers within the space planning function in six of the UK’s largest grocery retailers. Thirty completed questionnaires were returned. Principal components analysis was used to explore interrelationships among the variables. Of the 48 variables 18 were identified as most important. The 18 variables accounted for over 80 per cent of the total variance. These variables were associated with six underlying components. These six components (and the associated variable scores) were then examined using structural equation modelling. An SEM model was developed with a combined goodness of fit index of 0.85. The developed model is very different from the relations posited in existing space planning systems.

In Germany, open‐ended funds represent the prevailing form of indirect real estate investment for retail and institutional investors. The purpose of this paper is to address whether significant performance differences occur between retail and institutional funds.

The relative fund performance of 137 funds investing in Germany and abroad are each measured against tailored Investment Property Databank performance benchmarks of direct property investments. Such benchmarks shall mimic the asset allocation of any particular fund. Data on retail fund performance are retrieved from the fund association BVI, the data on institutional fund performance are derived from the individual statements of accounts for each fund.

German open‐ended funds show significant differences in mean relative returns. The differences are mainly driven by the respective asset allocation of the funds, although relative returns against tailored benchmarks as dependent variables are supposed to offset country‐specific return fluctuations. Institutional investors tend to be better‐off than retail investors.

Liquidity holdings are not (and can not be) extracted from fund performance with the given data. In this regard, it must be acknowledged that retail funds by nature are induced to carry more liquidity. Second, the high significance of the factor asset allocation may indicate that country‐specific benchmarks could still be tailored more effectively. However, the conclusions from this paper remain unaffected. Ex post variations in the grouping of funds explain additional fund performance variance. In particular, it would be interesting to analyze the performance patterns of single‐investor funds and the influence or control that is being exercised by single‐investors in institutional funds.

Results give new insights into the performance of open‐ended real estate funds. The analysis helps explaining performance patterns and contributes to an improved understanding of the German indirect real estate investment market.

Using the example of community access programs (CAPs), the purpose of this paper is to describe resource allocation and policy decisions related to providing health services for the uninsured in the USA and the organizational values affecting these decisions.

The study used comparative case study methodology at two geographically diverse sites. Researchers collected data from program documents, meeting observations, and interviews with program stakeholders.

Five resource allocation or policy decisions relevant to providing healthcare services were described at each site across three categories: designing the health plan, reacting to funding changes, and revising policies. Organizational values of access to care and stewardship most frequently affected resource allocation and policy decisions, while economic and political pressures affect the relative prioritization of values.

Small sample size, the potential for social desirability or recall bias, and the exclusion of provider, member or community perspectives beyond those represented among participating board members.

Program directors or researchers can use this study to assess the extent to which resource allocation and policy decisions align with organizational values and mission statements.

The description of how healthcare decisions are actually made can be matched with literature that describes how healthcare resource decisions ought to be made, in order to provide a normative grounding for future decisions.

This study addresses a gap in literature regarding how CAPs actually make resource allocation decisions that affect access to healthcare services.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the challenges faced by empirical researchers investigating a shift from taxing multinational entities using the arm’s length system to a formulary apportionment system. Theoretically, a shift should increase global tax collections as profits currently attributed to low or no tax jurisdictions are allocated to jurisdictions with true input or output factors and shift the allocation between these countries. Before any jurisdiction seriously contemplated a shift from an arm’s length allocation system to a formulary apportionment regime, however, it would want to estimate the revenue impact of such a change.

The paper systematically analyzes empirical papers that attempt to estimate the effects of formulary apportionment on country and global income revenue collected to determine the challenges faced by researchers.

The paper determines that there are both data and geo-political constraints that relate to (1) the method used to calculate the global profits of a multinational enterprise, (2) whether jurisdictions wish to adopt a global or regional formulary apportionment, (3) the weightings to be given to the factors used in the formulary apportionment, (4) the challenges of measuring sales at destination and the viability of surrogate measurements, (5) whether natural resources should be included in the measurement of the capital input factor, and (6) whether a redistribution objective should be included in the profit allocation formula.

Estimating the changes is challenging both in terms collecting the data needed for the calculations and the choice of design options to be tested. The paper provides synthesized knowledge in relation to the difficulties in estimating the effects of moving to a formulary apportionment model for taxing multinational entities.

The main purpose of this paper is to systematically identify important factors that are considered in decision making of maintenance cost and discuss how these factors affect maintenance performance.

This paper employs triangulation technique, which combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. The paper starts with the identification of dominant factors through literature reviews followed by semi‐structured interviews with ten building managers and questionnaire survey. A set of questionnaires are distributed to 200 selected buildings managers in Malaysia. The results from 62 completed questionnaires form a database for the quantitative analysis.

This paper concludes that the maintenance performance suffers from the insufficient allocation of maintenance cost. The main factors that are usually considered by the building managers in allocation of maintenance costs are availability of funding, client's preference, and economic situation. Associative test results reveal that variance in maintenance cost could be improved by considering condition of building and complaint about building performance during decision making of maintenance cost.

This paper provides information for building manager on important factors that need to be considered during decision making of maintenance cost allocation. This would help the manager improve effectiveness and accuracy in preparing a maintenance budget.

With the building maintenance sector in Malaysia being conditionally driven and usually carried out only when there is money, it is critical that organization make effective decisions on priority. This paper determines the most important factors in decision making of maintenance budget.

This investigation is designed to quantify and appraise the efficiency of resource distribution in the provision of public digital cultural services in China. By acknowledging and incorporating the realities of China's social development, the authors offer recommendations for enhancement derived from the study’s data analysis results. The research zeroes in on the dissection and analysis of the integral elements that structure the provision of public digital cultural services, and it concentrates on the associated data computation. The conclusions drawn herein are expected to serve as a significant point of reference for ongoing academic investigations and practical explorations in affiliated domains.

In this research, the authors utilize a hybrid methodology to meticulously evaluate the efficiency of the components that underpin the provision of public digital cultural services (PDCS) in China. The authors embark on deconstructing the various constituents within the PDCS supply framework, conducting in-depth analyses and providing cogent interpretations of each integral element. Subsequently, the authors deploy the well-regarded SBM super-efficiency model to ascertain the operational efficiency of these components. Ultimately, through a comprehensive interpretation of the measured data and the integration of extant societal development conditions, the authors put forth relevant recommendations.

The provision of PDCS in China as of 2021 had been characterized by overall good efficiency, significant regional disparity and a disconnect between inputs and outputs with weak correlations to economic and demographic data.

In this study, the authors provide an exhaustive deconstruction and interpretation of the public digital cultural services supply system, thereby proposing a framework for evaluating the efficiency of supply element allocation. Additionally, the authors have determined a set of distinct measurable indicators that are readily accessible for open collection. Notably, this analytical and evaluative framework designed for element analysis and measurement may also find application in efficiency evaluation research of the supply systems of other related cultural endeavors.

This paper aims to explain and present a theoretical framework for providing people with savings to finance two sectors: profitable investment and Gharz-al-Hassane. To do this first, assumptions and presumptions of the theory and framework are expressed, and then the effect of belief on this behavior is explained. Subsequently, this theoretical framework is evaluated in an empirical research.

The theoretical framework is explained by mathematical and logical methods. The experimental study is carried out using real data of 500 households from Zahedan (Center of Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran). Data were collected using questionnaire and were analyzed using statistical and econometric methods.

The result indicates that demands of Iranian people are not met within the framework of official markets. This disparity in supply and demand has led to the actions of people outside the formal framework, and so, banks and financial institutions cannot exploit the supply of people’s savings. On this basis, key factors determining people supply in a variety of markets are religious belief, age, income, education level, religious experience and so on, which should be considered in designing the Islamic banking and financial tools.

Today, economics and marketing have shown that an enterprise needs to meet customer demand to succeed. In the field of Islamic banking and finance, financial firms and banks should know this too. However, there are not many research studies in this area.

As a transition economy, China is interested in allocating its limited innovation resources economically, reasonably and efficiently to produce as many outputs as possible with its limited financial and human resources. Nonetheless, what is the efficiency of the allocation of innovative resources for civil–military integration enterprises, and what factors hinder its efficiency improvement? The purpose of this paper is to explore these problems.

The improved two-stage network data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is used to measure the overall efficiency and stage efficiency of the innovation resource allocation of 58 Chinese civil–military integration listed companies from 2010 to 2016. Tobit model is used to analyze the influencing factors of resource allocation efficiency.

The results indicate that the overall efficiency and stage efficiency of innovation resource allocation fluctuate in varying degrees during the period. The optimization of overall efficiency is restricted by lower efficiency of innovation achievement transformation. Enterprise scale was found to have a significant negative impact on both overall and two-stage efficiencies. Proportion of research and development (R&D) personnel had a positive effect on the overall and two-stage efficiency. Government support had a significant positive effect on the stage of innovation resource development and overall efficiency.

Previous research studies have used either the DEA or stochastic frontier analysis method to measure the efficiency of innovation activities as a whole and ignored the stage of initial investment to final output in innovation activities. That is, the process in which initial input of R&D resources becomes innovation output, and then becomes economic benefits. Therefore, this paper studies the efficiency of innovation resource allocation of civil–military integration listed companies. The improved two-stage chain network DEA method and Tobit model were used.

In Australia, the A$2.2 trillion managed funds industry including the large pension funds (known locally as superannuation funds) are the dominant institutional property investors. While statistical information on the level of Australian managed fund investments in property assets is widely available, comprehensive practical evidence on property asset allocation decision-making process is underdeveloped. The purpose of this research is to identify Australian fund manager's property asset allocation strategies and decision-making frameworks at strategic level.

The research was undertaken in May-August 2011 using an in-depth semi-structured questionnaire administered by mail. The survey was targeted at 130 leading managed funds and asset consultants within Australia.

The evaluation of the 79 survey respondents indicated that Australian fund manager's property allocation decision-making process is an interactive, sequential and continuous process involving multiple decision-makers (internal and external) complete with feedback loops. It involves a combination of quantitative analysis (mainly mean-variance analysis) and qualitative overlay (mainly judgement, or “gut-feeling”, and experience). In addition, the research provided evidence that the property allocation decision-making process varies depending on the size and type of managed fund.

This research makes important contributions to both practical and academic fields. Information on strategic property allocation models and variables is not widely available, and there is little guiding theory related to the subject. Therefore, the conceptual frameworks developed from the research will help enhance academic theory and understanding in the area of property allocation decision making. Furthermore, the research provides small fund managers and industry practitioners with a platform from which to improve their own property allocation processes.

In contrast to previous property decision-making research in Australia which has mainly focused on strategies at the property fund investment level, this research investigates the institutional property allocation decision-making process from a strategic position involving all major groups in the Australian managed funds industry.

Resource allocation is a problem common to all levels and types of administrative positions. Existing resources are expanded (allocated) both to perform an organizational task and to acquire additional resources. If the leader successfully expends available resources to acquire still more resources in terms of people, materials and space, then a subsequent and equally important task is the allocation of these acquisitions to the various sectors of the organization. It is through the judicious distribution of essential resources to achieve acquisition of still more, in the one instance, and to the furthering of organizational aims in the other that the leader attempts to move the organization towards goals. His accountability as leader is fixed in how efficiently and effectively resources are deployed in the goal attainment efforts.