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Key components of the logistics mix are described in an effort to create an understanding of the total logistics concept. Chapters include an introduction to logistics; the strategic role of logistics, customer service levels, channel relationships, facilities location, transport, inventory management, materials handling, interface with production, purchasing and materials management, estimating demand, order processing, systems performance, leadership and team building, business resource management.

This paper aims to present a literature review on models developed for the economic order quantity (EOQ) problem with incremental and all-units discounts, extending the work of Benton and Park (1996) which covered the most significant literature, from 1963 to 1994, about EOQ with discounts and that has identified four open areas in this field of study. The modeling of lot size with discounts wishes to give good solutions for realistic situations, such as those concerning the discounts offered by suppliers, to rises in the demand.

The research was carried out in papers published from 1995 to 2013, and indexed in databases as Scopus and ISI Web of Science. The papers were compared through objective function, constraints, discounts, developed algorithms, allowance of shortages or multiproduct, demand pattern and buyer or buyer–supplier perspective.

Results indicate two areas that still remain untouched, and probably the main cause is due to mathematical complexities. The authors have also identified an increasing trend of works that compared just-in-time with the EOQ with quantity discounts policy and also an increasing number of works that solved this category of problems with algorithms.

The research does not cover materials published in working papers, monographs, thesis, conferences or journals that are not indexed in those databases.

This manuscript fills a gap in the study of EOQ with incremental discounts, as it highlights the leading edge advances in this field and the main differences among models. As a whole, the new trends about modeling EOQ problems with quantity discounts were discovered.

Suppliers often offer price discounts for large purchases. These discounts are generally of two types: all‐unit discounts and incremental discounts. An improved procedure is presented for determining the economic order quantity under an all‐unit discounting scheme. Upper bounds on the total relevant costs are obtained which are used to discard certain high‐price ranges from consideration.

The proposed IT2FMOVMI model intends to concurrently minimize total cost and warehouse space for the single vendor-retailer, multi-item and a consolidated vendor store. Regarding demand and order quantities with the deterministic and type-1 fuzzy numbers, we have also formulated the classic/crisp MOVMI model and type-1 fuzzy MOVMI (T1FMOVMI) model. The suggested solution technique can solve both crisp MOVMI and T1FMOVMI problems. By finding the optimal ordered quantities and backorder levels, the Pareto-fronts are constructed to form the solution sets for the three models.

A multi-objective vendor managed inventory (MOVMI) is the most recognized marketing and delivery technique for the service provider and the retail in the supply chain in Industry 4.0. Due to the evolving market conditions, the characteristics of the individual product, the delivery period and the manufacturing costs, the demand rate and order quantity of the MOVMI device are highly unpredictable. In such a scenario, a MOVMI system with a deterministic demand rate and order quantity cannot be designed to estimate the highly unforeseen cost of the problem. This paper introduces a novel interval type-2 fuzzy multi-objective vendor managed inventory (IT2FMOVMI) system, which uses interval type-2 fuzzy numbers (IT2FNs) to represent demand rate and order quantities. As the model is an NP-hard, the well-known meta-heuristic algorithm named NSGA-II (Non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm-II) with EKM (Enhanced Karnink-Mendel) algorithm based solution method has been established.

The experimental simulations for the five test problems that demonstrated distinct conditions are considered from the real-datasets of SAPCO company. Experimental study concludes that T1FMOVMI and crisp MOVMI schemes are outclassed by IT2FMOVMI model, offering more accurate Pareto-Fronts and efficiency measurement values.

Using fuzzy sets theory, a significant amount of work has been already done in past decades from various points of views to model the MOVMI. However, this is the very first attempt to introduce type-2 fuzzy modelling for the problem to address the realistic implementation of the imprecise parameters.

The economy has recently gone through a period of industrial expansion coupled with high inflation where industry has tended to grow out of its problems by a combination of increases in output and higher prices. These policies, however, at a certain stage in the development will approach the limits to economic growth, and industry will find that a number of severe problems appear simultaneously. This leads to a period of concentration and economic decline where traditionally industry looks to the Government for relief and assistance; but it could be argued that instead they should consider a critical look at their own patterns of operation. If industry could eliminate the inefficient and ineffective elements in the structure, and concentrate upon improving the quality of their operation, then it is possible that policies adopted for economic survival will lead to growth and expansion. One way in which improvements could be made in the industrial structure is by streamlining the logistics system.

The classical definition of PDM focuses on the broad spectrum of distribution activity, from the inbound raw materials; to the finished product flow; and to the end user. The definition is often stated as “all of the activities involved in the flow of goods from the manufacturer to the consumer which include inventory control, transportation, warehousing, order processing, materials management, and purchasing”. But despite the broad view described in the definition, little attention is given to the raw materials flow and to the entire area of Materials Management. Physical Distribution managers tend to disregard the inbound flow and regard it as the responsibility of some other management group in the company, specifically purchasing and/or production. The need for a well co‐ordinated and efficient distribution system demands that the PD manager pay more attention to the inbound material flow. The outcome of the decisions that a PD manager makes depends to a great degree on how well materials management and PDM are co‐ordinated in a firm:

Intermediary firms are economic agents that purchase from mostly small and numerous independent producers and sell to other firms or to the public. This article investigated how intermediary firms can optimally determine both selling quantity and purchasing price of a product. By incorporating the special structure of intermediary firms′ environments and by modifying the conventional economic order quantity (EOQ) model accordingly, we provide optimal decision rules regarding the selling quantity and purchasing price for intermediary firms under profit maximisation.

Sees the objective of teaching financial management to be to help managers and potential managers to make sensible investment and financing decisions. Acknowledges that financial theory teaches that investment and financing decisions should be based on cash flow and risk. Provides information on payback period; return on capital employed, earnings per share effect, working capital, profit planning, standard costing, financial statement planning and ratio analysis. Seeks to combine the practical rules of thumb of the traditionalists with the ideas of the financial theorists to form a balanced approach to practical financial management for MBA students, financial managers and undergraduates.

The purpose of this paper is to speculate on how the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) formula was developed.

The paper presents a literature review and analysis.

Ford Whitman Harris's contribution to the EOQ formula is significantly original.

Origins of work and questions of plagiarism can be ambiguous. The speculations here illustrate some of the ambiguities inherent in trying to use citations to give appropriate credit for ideas. They also help scholars understand the creative process and perhaps to teach in a way that enhances the creativity of students.

The paper specifies the link between Lord Kelvin and Ford Whitman Harris.