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This paper aims to discuss the development up to now in the field of residents’ destination image and propose new avenues for research that will help the field to mature.

The paper is based on a thorough review of the relevant academic literature. However, owing to the very tight word limit (1,000), only few representatives studies were mentioned in the manuscript.

In spite of its contribution, the restricted and descriptive nature of much of the research calls for a more theoretically informed approach. A lack of consensus is also apparent with regard to the conceptualization and operationalization of the resident destination image construct. Most studies did not commonly provide a definition, and an interchangeable use of “place image” and “destination image” is noted. Equally, great variation is observed in the measurement items used to capture image – the scales used are often readily adopted from tourist studies – while there is limited attempt for scale development. Within this realm, the vast majority of previous research used quantitative methods. Next, despite the strong theoretical rationale, there is limited empirical evidence documenting the importance of residents’ destination image on tourists’ own image formulation. Little is also known about the inner motives that lead some residents to act as ambassadors of their place.

The need to expand our knowledge and understanding of residents’ destination image in the future is established. The paper also briefly presented the first era of research on residents’ destination image and critiqued its predominantly descriptive nature. Areas that seek further attention have been highlighted along with directions for future research.

This study aims to shed some light on destination image formation by exploring whether image is altered as a result of tourists’ experience intensity with a destination.

A visitor experience intensity index was developed based on the amount of events and attractions visitors have already attended/visited or were planning to attend/visit during their stay. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and the total sample consisted of 400 tourists in Linz, Austria. Principal component analysis, multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were applied to analyse the data.

The findings indicate that the higher the experience intensity score, the more favourable the cognitive and affective evaluations of destination image, indicating that tourists’ experiences are central in the formation of the in situ image.

The “level of psychological involvement” with the destination should be considered by future studies, as this paper focussed on level of experience intensity.

This paper supports the effective and innovative solutions for place marketing and branding of tourist destinations such as promoting experiences that further enhance destination image. The study also assists places with bad reputation or negative image, like the selected case study (Linz, Austria), in repositioning themselves as attractive experience providers.

The paper’s originality lies in applying “mere exposure theory” in tourism and using an innovative way of measuring tourists’ experience through an intensity index. The study addresses a significant, but still neglected image determinant, that of experience intensity, contributing to a better understanding of the in situ destination image formation process.

This paper aims to explore the characteristics (i.e. complex, specific) of destination image as perceived by visitors and non-visitors to a tourist place.

Overall, 42 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Czech and Greek visitors and non-visitors to London, the UK. From the 21 interviews in each country, 11 conducted with visitors and 10 with non-visitors to London.

A number of characteristics of the image of London were identified that differed across visitors and non-visitors, irrespective of respondents’ nationality, including accuracy, specificity, completeness and complexity.

The characteristics of image of different types of destinations (i.e. rural, seaside resorts) need to be assessed in the future, as this paper focused on a well-known urban destination.

This paper provides support for effective and innovative solutions to place marketing and branding of tourist destinations. For example, greater complexity and more specific images should be used to attract the repeating visitors market.

The paper’s originality lies in providing a better understanding of the characteristics of destination image, as perceived by visitors and non-visitors to a tourist place.

Patenting behaviour in the tourism sector has received little academic attention due to a wider belief that innovation in tourism commonly involves improving the services in ways that are hardly patentable. This paper aims to address this oversight by focusing on patent analysis as means to evaluate the innovation trends in tourism.

Building on an analysis of historical series of patents worldwide from 1996 to 2016, this paper explores the trends in the tourism sector by focusing on audio-visual technologies. The study used an evaluation of the 8,785 emerging patents, in terms of co-occurrences, applying hierarchical cluster analysis, factor analysis and multidimensional scaling.

The findings suggest that there is a gradually increasing interest in innovation in tourism, which is growing faster than most of the other sectors explored here such as transportation and pharmaceuticals. The outputs also reveal the inventive effort of tourism industry in new technologies for developing utility models for tourists.

The study contributes to tourism theory and practice by offering an overview of current/future applications of new technologies in tourism along with future trends, and mapping the main areas that these technologies might affect.

论新科技和旅游业的创新：音频-视频专利科技的实证

因为旅游业创新常常涉及到服务, 被认为很难专利, 所以旅游业中的专利行为获得很少的科研关注。本论文旨在专注在专利分析来评估旅游的创新趋势。

研究样本数据为1996年至2016年的全世界专利信息, 本论文主要集中研究音频-视频科技的探索旅游业的趋势。本论文分析了8785份专利, 分析方法包括共现、层次聚类、因子分析、以及多维标度。

研究结果表明, 旅游业中对创新的关注越来越强, 相较于其他行业, 比如交通和制药业。研究结果还表明旅游业中对新科技的奖励力度有利于开发为游客的新模型。

本论文对旅游理论和实践都有贡献, 对旅游业新科技的现行/未来的应用, 以及旅游业的未来趋势, 以及映射这些科技主要影响的领域, 都有全面的审阅。