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Antiwear mechanism of action of some chemical elements added to lubricant is studied. These elements are transferred from the lubricant into the surface layers of the sliding pair during friction. The mechanism is based on the influence of these elements on the stacking fault energy (SFE) of the materials in the friction pair and leads to changes in the fragmented structure formed in the metals under plastic deformation. Work hardening of the metal surface layers and their predisposition to wear are changed accordingly. Copper and Armco iron, as typical FCC and BCC metals, were chosen for the friction pair materials. Si, Ni, Zn, Co and Ti were used as the additive components to the lubricant. It was found that the addition of different elements to the lubricant leads to alloying by these elements of the surface layers of the metal during the process of friction. It was found that alloying by elements which decreases the SFE of the metal, the average size of surface layer fragments formed during friction increases and the wear rate decreases. The possibility of controlling the wear resistance of metals during friction through the use of appropriate additives is discussed.

Despite the pitfalls of entering the financial services industry, opportunities abound for increased growth and high profits.

This article discusses some concepts related to planning for financial flexibility used at Armco. The planning process and concepts are equally applicable in other industrial firms.

The most dramatic change in industrial America in this century has been the trend toward diversifying into unrelated businesses. This trend has redefined the way American firms do business. And this restructuring contradicts conventional notions of industrial stability and industry specialization. Not since multiple mergers created giant companies around the turn of the century—like U.S. Steel, American Tobacco, Du Pont, General Electric, International Harvester, International Paper, National Biscuit, U.S. Rubber and others—has restructuring on such a scale occurred.

Introduction The passivation of iron in aqueous media has been investigated over a number of years. Bartlett and Stephenson and Froment et al. have given a deep insight into the processes of anodic depositon of FeSO4 on iron in H2SO4 solutions. Krstulonic et al. investigated the anodic passivation of Armco iron in a wide range of concentrations of suphuric avid. Alloy elements (Cr, Ni, Mo) are sometimes added to carbon steels to improve their mechanical properties and/or the effects of heat treatment. These metals can increase or decrease corrision resistance depending on the harshness of the environment. The most important alloy of stainless steel is chromium, which induces the formation of a good protective oxide film. According to the literature the alloy must contain at least 1.3 per cent chromium to form a stable passive film. The influence of chromium on the anodic dissolution of Fe‐Cr in sulphuric acid solutions has been the object of several investigations.

Installed at the Ebbw Vale works of Richard Thomas & Baldwins Ltd. is a line for continuous galvanizing by the Armco‐Sendzimir process. The Sendzimir process is completely different from the conventional method of sheet galvanizing, and its aim is to overcome some of its known faults by methods of surface preparation and spelter composition that can be constantly controlled.

Many U.S. companies fear investing in Third World countries because of the political risk associated with such ventures. Recent events in Iran, Nicaragua, El Salvador, the Philippines and others have under scored such concerns, making U.S. businesses reluctant to participate in some of the fastest growing markets in the Third World. Such political risks need not be so worrisome ‐ many U.S. business people remain unaware of how the Overseas Private Investment Corporation can substantially reduce risks by insuring companies against such uncertainties. This paper discusses the ways through which OPIC can alleviate political risk and compares OPIC’s insurance with the programs of private political risk insurers.

IRON‐CHROMIUM‐NICKEL Influence of brightening agents on deposition. With the electrolytic deposition of an iron‐chromium‐nickel alloy, the brightening effect of organic and inorganic brightening agents is much smaller than with the deposition of each of these metals on their own. This lessening of the brightening effect is attributable to the fact that the chromium hydroxide diaphragm formed on the cathode surface interferes with the formation of the absorption film of the brightening agent. The current yield of the alloy deposition is even more reduced if the brightening agent is able to bring about, at the same time, a noticeable improvement in the gloss. Rather like inhibitors, the brightening agents act by forming an absorption film on the cathode surface. To have a brightening effect, however, this film must have a certain structure.—(M. F. M. El‐Ghandour, Werks. u. Korr., 1960, 11 (10), 628–631.)

THE USE OF copper‐coated steel strip in place of plain steel or non‐ferrous metals in a number of applications has led to the solving of certain fabrication problems, improved product quality and a reduction in the costs of a range of component parts.