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Magnetic induction tomography (MIT) is a tomographic imaging technique with a wide range of potential industrial applications. Planar array MIT is a convenient setup but unable to access freely from the entire periphery as it only collects measurements from one surface, so it remains challenging given the limited data. This study aims to assess the use of sparse regularization methods for accurate position and depth detection in planar array MIT.

The most difficult challenges in MIT are to solve the inverse and forward problems. The inversion of planar MIT is severely ill-posed due to limited access data. Thus, this paper posed a total variation (TV) problem and solved it efficiently with the Split Bregman formulation to overcome this difficulty. Both isotropic and anisotropic TV formulations are compared to Tikhonov regularization with experimental MIT data.

The results show that Tikhonov method failed or underestimated the object position and depth. Both isotropic and anisotropic TV led to accurate recovery of depth and position.

There are numerous potential applications for planar array MIT where access to the materials under testing is restrict. Sparse regularization methods are a promising approach to improving depth detection for limited MIT data.

Visual quality control on raw textile fabrics is a vital process in weaving factories to ensure their exterior quality (visual defects or imperfection) satisfying customer requirements. Commonly, this critical process is manually conducted by human inspectors, which can hardly provide a fast and reliable inspection results due to fatigue and subjective errors. To meet modern production needs, it is highly demanded to develop an automated defect inspection system by replacing human eyes with computer vision.

As a structural texture, fabric textures can be effectively represented by a linearly summation of basic elements (dictionary). To create a robust representation of a fabric texture in an unsupervised manner, a smooth constraint is imposed on dictionary learning model. Such representation is robust to defects when using it to recover a defective image. Thus an abnormal map (likelihood of defective regions) can be computed by measuring similarity between recovered version and itself. Finally, the total variation (TV) based model is built to segment defects on the abnormal map.

Different from traditional dictionary learning method, a smooth constraint is introduced in dictionary learning that not only able to create a robust representation for fabric textures but also avoid the selection of dictionary size. In addition, a TV based model is designed according to defects' characteristics. The experimental results demonstrate that (1) the dictionary with smooth constraint can generate a more robust representation of fabric textures compared to traditional dictionary; (2) the TV based model can achieve a robust and good segmentation result.

The major originality of the proposed method are: (1) Dictionary size can be set as a constant instead of selecting it empirically; (2) The total variation based model is built, which can enhance less salient defects, improving segmentation performance significantly.

Gives a bibliographical review of the finite element methods (FEMs) applied for the linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic analyses of basic structural elements from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The range of applications of FEMs in this area is wide and cannot be presented in a single paper; therefore aims to give the reader an encyclopaedic view on the subject. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains 2,025 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations dealing with the analysis of beams, columns, rods, bars, cables, discs, blades, shafts, membranes, plates and shells that were published in 1992‐1995.

The International Society for Hybrid Microelectronics invites the submission of technical papers for presentation at the above event. All original unpublished papers on microelectronics related topics are welcomed.

Reports the dynamic modelling of garments on synthetic humans. Develops the model based on a physical analogue to a deep shell system for describing and predicting the real 3‐D shape of clothes. Determines the garment motion by fabric deformation energy, gravity and external constraints of the garment, such as collision forces, using the deformable node bar concept. Justifies the model by agreement between real fabric prediction of static and dynamic drapes using our newly developed drape metre. Demonstrates the garment simulation using garments from two different fabrics in a virtual fashion show. Also describes the work on modelling and animating a synthetic female. The advantages of this model are that engineering parameters can be used as model parameters directly and that the model is configured based on the surface co‐ordinate system, which are important for the next generation of fashion CAD systems incorporating virtual fashion shows. This consideration is fundamental in the context of global retailing and becomes an integral part of intelligent textile and garment manufacture. Proposes the consequences of this work in cinema, TV, advertising and in graphics and animation are also important, but does not examine these.

This paper aims to investigate whether the trabecular architecture found in natural bone can be effectively replicated through the selective laser sintering process of Nylon P2200.

Trabecular bone was idealised into a scaled up hexagonal cell proven to replicate the natural structure. The structure was modelled in Solidworks 2013 to form a network of interlinking cells. The specific property analysed was the structure toughness through the measurement of the energy absorbed before sample fracture.

It was found that the impact absorption can be increased with the integration of a greater number of trabecular cells producing a finer resolution and not necessarily by increasing the trabecular size. The information gained from this research may be useful in the design of impact and shock absorbing components, with an emphasis on efficient use of material mass.

Designers and engineers may find biomimetic methods of absorbing shock and impact an efficient alternative consideration in design applications.

The trabecular architecture should be designed so as to be weaker than the bounding surfaces, ensuring that the individual trabecular experience failure first, maximising their energy absorbing capability through increasing the period of deceleration. The simplest way of doing this is to ensure the rod thickness is less than the bounding material thickness.

This work documents original testing of both the RP material and consolidated design of samples of idealised bone structures. It builds on previous work in the area and through the results of empirical testing, derives recommendations for further considerations in this area of design and manufacture of biomimetic structures.

This paper aims to present a simplified solution method for the elasto-plastic consolidation problem under different stress paths.

First, a double-yield-surface model is introduced as the constitutive model framework, and a partial derivative coefficient sequence is obtained by using numerical approximation using Gauss nuclear function to construct a discretization constitutive model which can reflect the influence of different stress paths. Then, the model is introduced to Biot’s consolidation theory. Volumetric strain of each step as the right-hand term, the continuity equation is simplified as a Poisson equation and the fundamental solution is derived by the variable separation method. Based on it, a semi-analytical and semi-numerical method is presented and implemented in a finite element program.

The method is a simplified solution that is more convenient than traditional coupling stiffness matrix method. Moreover, the consolidation of the semi-infinite foundation model is analyzed. It is shown that the numerical method is sufficiently stable and can reflect the influence of stress path, loading distribution width and some other factors on the deformation of soil skeleton and pore water pressure.

Original features of this research include semi-numerical semi-analytical consolidation method; pore water pressure and settlements of different stress paths are different; maximum surface uplift at 3.5a; and stress path is the main influence factor for settlement when loading width a > 10 m.

In September 1995, Mincronsult and ISHM‐Nordic made an extensive microelectronics survey in the four Nordic countries: Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland, with input from more than 60 companies, research institutes and universities. The information gathered in this survey together with information from a Central and Eastern European survey at the beginning of 1995 (and updated at the end of 1995) is summarised in this report.

Convective heat transfer features of a turbulent slot jet impingement are comprehensively studied using two different computational approaches, namely, URANS (unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations) and SAS (scale-adaptive simulation). Turbulent slot jet impingement heat transfer is used where a considerable heat transfer enhancement is required, and computationally, it is a quite challenging flow configuration.

Customized OpenFOAM 4.1, an open-access computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, is used for SAS (SST-SAS k-ω) and URANS (standard k-ε and SST k-ω) computations. A low-Re version of the standard k-ε model is used, and other models are formulated for good wall-refined calculations. Three turbulence models are formulated in OpenFOAM 4.1 with second-order accurate discretization schemes.

It is observed that the profiles of the streamwise turbulence are under-predicted at all the streamwise locations by SST k-ω and SST SAS k-ω models, but follow similar trends as in the reported results. The standard k-ε model shows improvements in the predictions of the streamwise turbulence and mean streamwise velocity profiles in the zone of outer wall jet. Computed profiles of Nusselt number by SST k-ω and SST-SAS k-ω models are nearly identical and match well with the reported experimental results. However, the standard k-ε model does not provide a reasonable profile or quantification of the local Nusselt number.

Hybrid turbulence model is suitable for efficient CFD computations for the complex flow problems. This paper deals with a detailed comparison of the SAS model with URANS and LES for the first time in the literature. A thorough assessment of the computations is performed against the results reported using experimental and large eddy simulations techniques followed by a detailed discussion on flow physics. The present results are beneficial for scientists working with hybrid turbulence models and in industries working with high-efficiency cooling/heating system computations.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the chemistry of organic compounds with a liquid crystal phase and their application in flat panel electronic displays.

The paper is a review of liquid crystal display (LCD) technology. It provides an introduction to liquid crystals and LCDs, with an emphasis on their historical development, various LCD technologies employed, their electronic interconnection to driver circuitry and failure analysis.

The current world market for LCDs is being driven by flat panel television sales. As well as their use in television sets, they are to be found in aircraft cockpit instrumentation, computer monitors, mobile phones and digital cameras, all of which would not exist in their present form without liquid crystals.

The paper provides an introduction to LCDs for electronic engineers working in this area, who may be unfamiliar with the chemistry of liquid crystals, LCD technology, electronic interconnection and failure analysis.