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Prior to Brown v. Board of Education 1954, Black female educators played a significant and vital role in segregated schools. Despite Black female teachers’ historic presence in the field of education, presently Black female teachers are disproportionately under-represented in the US teacher workforce. Acknowledging the shortage of Black female teachers in K-12 classrooms, the purpose of this qualitative study is to explore why Black female educators teach in under-resourced, urban schools. By examining Black female educators’ initial draw to urban schools in what we conceptualized as the urban factor, we hope to reframe the implicit biases surrounding under-resourced, urban schools as less desirable workplaces and unearth reasons why those Black female teachers who enter teaching gravitate more toward urban schools. Three themes emerged about Black female teachers’ thoughts on and preference for urban schools with an unexpected finding about Black female teachers’ perceptions of student behavior. Concluding, recommendations are offered for policy and practice.

This paper describes the provision of a feasibility study for the development of a county leisure information service for a shire county in England, and discusses how the structural and political issues that arise are likely to be generic to any service of this type. Analysis is given of the current provision of leisure and tourist information systems, both on traditional forms of media and on the World Wide Web. A solution is proposed that enables the Local Authority and other information providers to avoid unnecessary duplication of existing databases. The argument is developed that existing leisure services must become integrated with Web developments if they are to reach potential customers, who are defined as belonging to two separate categories — county residents and visitors. Recommendations are made that would enable the target audience to be reached by establishing a Leisure Information Web System to reach audiences who maybe anywhere on the Net; and to develop Web kiosks, for use in public places, which may operate offline. The paper also discusses the possible managerial and financial implications of running this service.

What can be written about Library Management Systems (LMS) that might make interesting reading? This may seem a rather downbeat opening to an overview of the various makes of systems you can read about in this issue, but it is a fact noted recently by Chris Batt that: these days, in the public library sector at least, attention has become focussed on the exciting medium of the Internet, and in common with other sectors the LMS is rightly seen as one system amongst others. Having said that, within the pages that follows the reader is treated to the recent experiences of some of the current offerings in the marketplace. The trepidation for some of setting out on the procurement path may be allayed by the information in the articles, and one aspect to particularly look out for is the opportunity offered by some of these systems to access the wider world of information and the integration of these systems to remote and distributed databases. In this article it is proposed to set out an overall context against which these systems operate and to point out the main features of change as we draw to the end of the 1990's.

In a pandemic framework (COVID-19), this chapter explores the impact of the global economy and socio-cultures concerning three axes: recreational, tourism, and hospitality. Although we slowly see an economic revival, it is well known that this sector of study is very susceptible to being affected by the context of nations. Following restrictions and measures taken by governments around the world to reduce the number of cases of coronavirus infections, many nations closed their borders, affecting international travel and by 2020 tourism had been reduced to the near cessation of operations due to the imminent fear of this poorly studied disease, and the service sector was negatively affected. It should be added that, according to the World Tourism Organization's projections, a decrease of between 20 and 30% is forecast for 2020 compared to the previous year.

This paper examines 10 libraries, from the academic, public and special sectors, all of which have recently purchased a new library management system (LMS). The systems can be described as “third generation” library systems, although some differences are noted and the designation “new generation” library systems is preferred. The aim of the study was to assess the effect the new systems had upon the working practices of the libraries, and to examine in particular whether or not the systems were now delivering the kinds of benefits that would satisfy those who have been critical of the lack of achievement of these LMSs to date. The paper considers the impact of client/server architecture, and examines to what extent librarians and suppliers have taken advantage of developments in the areas of World Wide Web technology. It concludes that the librarians in this sample were first and foremost pragmatists; although relatively new and untried systems were chosen by four of the 10 libraries.

Voluntary sector information, presents particular challenges to information providers, in terms of networking across a diverse body of organisations. Opportunities offered by WWW community networks include information sharing through online databases, more efficiently updated than printed sources, and electronic networking, potentially easing communication between organisations and between sectors. This paper presents the results of both quantitative and qualitative surveys of the local voluntary sector in the Borough of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. The IT capabilities and information needs were measured and examined. The opinions of local practitioners in voluntary sector information were also sought. A range of different levels of IT skills and facilities was found amongst local voluntary sector organisations, and a reticence amongst some organisations to get involved in recent IT developments was also detected. Facilitation, in the form of training, IT support and facilities, was therefore identified as important to effective voluntary sector information provision. It was recommended that research should be carried out with regard to local information needs, and that an editorial board be established.

The provision of public access to the Internet in UK public libraries is a service that has been gradually introduced by many public library authorities throughout the UK. There remain, however, authorities where the service has either not been implemented or is available only in a few major branches. This paper examines the issues surrounding the provision of public access in public libraries and draws on research conducted in the UK and in the USA. Reference is made to data obtained from a survey conducted at Loughborough Public Library which seeks to understand how the public use an Internet service, and what they require of this service. The conclusion is that library authorities need to plan further ahead than just providing a basic access point to the Internet, and that they need to be thinking of how to develop the service, if libraries are to recoup the not inconsiderable investment required in setting up a service of this kind.

This work aims to explore why people review their experienced online shopping in such a manner (promptness), and what is the potential relationship between the users’ review promptness and review motivation as well as reviewed contents.

To evaluate the customers’ responses regarding their shopping experiences, in this paper, the “purchase-review” promptness is studied to explore the temporal characteristics of users’ reviewing behavior online. Then, an aspect mining method was introduced for assessment of review text. Finally, a theoretical model is proposed to analyze how the customers’ reviews were formed.

First, the length of time elapsed between purchase and review was found to follow a power-law distribution, which characterizes an important number of human behaviors. Within online review behaviors, this meant that a high frequency population of reviewers tended to publish relatively quick reviews online. This showed that the customers’ reviewing behaviors on e-commerce websites may have been affected by extrinsic motivations, intrinsic motivations or both. Second, the proposed review-to-feature mapping technique is a feasible method for exploring reviewers’ opinions in both massive and sparse reviews. Finally, the customers’ reviewing behaviors were found to be mostly consistent with reviewers’ motivations.

First, the authors propose that the “promptness” of users in posting online reviews is an important external manifestation of their motivation, product experience and service experience. Second, a semi-supervised method of review-to-aspect mapping is used to solve the data quality problem in mining information from massive text data, which vary in length, detail and quality. Finally, a huge amount of e-commerce customers’ purchase-review promptness are studied and the results indicate that not all product features are responsible for the “prompt” posting of users’ reviews, and that the platform’s strategy to encourage users to post reviews will not work in the long term.

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the tourism industry globally. It is essential to explore the post-COVID-19 travel intentions of potential tourists. The exploratory study is aimed to investigate the potential Indian tourists' travel plans, tourism perceptions, and their behavioral intentions regarding the adoption of sustainable tourism practices post-COVID-19.

Methodology: The study was based on primary data. Through an online survey, 225 responses were collected using convenient sampling. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software. Simple percentage, frequency, and mean were calculated to examine the post-COVID-19 travel plans and tourism perception of Indians. Factor analysis was used to analyze the adoption of sustainable practices.

Findings: Since May 2020, with the unlocking process, travel has been resuming in India. People are obligating to their “right to travel” and foreseeing travel plans. The study found that potential tourists will prefer short-duration trips with family and friends and intend to avoid crowded destinations post the pandemic. Indian tourists are inclined to consider environment conservation and sustainability in future travels and are more willing to explore natural sites. Offbeat destinations are expected to gain popularity. People believed that tourists will adopt more sustainable and innovative practices post-COVID-19.

Originality/Value: This study enhances the understanding of tourism policymakers, practitioners, and services providers concerning tourism behavior post-COVID-19.

Implications: The study focused on potential tourists' planning; the perceptions of service providers can also be studied for future research to gain profound insights regarding the tourism sector.

High head gates are commonly used in hydropower plants for flow regulation and emergence closure. Hydrodynamic downpull can be a critical parameter in design of the lifting mechanism. The purpose of this paper is to show that a simplified two-dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamics solution can be used in the prediction of the downpull force on the gate lip by comparison of computed results to experimentally measured data.

In this study, ANSYS FLUENT CFD software was used to obtain 2D numerical solution for the flow field around a generic gate model located in a power intake structure which was previously used in an experimental study. Description of the flow domain, computational grid resolution, requirements on setting appropriate boundary conditions and methodology in describing downpull coefficient are discussed. Total number of 245 simulations for variable gate lip geometry and gate openings were run. The downpull coefficient evaluated from the computed pressure field as function of gate opening and lip angle are compared with the experimental results.

The computed downpull coefficient agrees well with the previous experimental results, except one gate with small lip angle where a separation bubble forms along the lip, which is responsible from this deviation. It is observed that three-dimensional (3D) effects are confined to the large gate openings where downpull is minimum or even reversed.

In large gate openings, three dimensionality of the flow around gate slots plays an important role and departure from 2D solutions become more pronounced. In that case, one might need to perform a 3D solution instead.

This paper presents a very fast and accurate way to predict downpull force on high head gates in the absence of experimental data.

An extensive amount of simulations are run within the scope of this study. It is shown that knowing its limitations, 2D numerical models can be used to calculate downpull for a wide range of gate openings without the need of expensive experimental models.