Search results

This chapter examines World War II and its impact on international and military law. It covers the war’s key crimes, the Nürnberg and Tokyo tribunals, and the creation of the United Nations, the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949, and the Genocide Convention of 1948.

The protection and preservation of the environment, whether of an urban area or a rural area may not be disregarded. Most of the rural areas in the world lacks the knowledge on this issue. In so far as the developing countries are concerned, it has now become a societal problem mainly owing to the lack of public awareness in the rural areas of these countries. This chapter examines the principal causes of the lack of public awareness. The author also examines the correlation between poverty and deterioration of the environment and between industrialisation and deterioration of the environment, where possible. Both sophisticated and unsophisticated technology cause pollution. The other causes of pollution, industrial or otherwise have also been identified and explained. The relevant UN Resolution, namely, the Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 1962, the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States 1974, the UN World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report) have also received attention. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals have been mentioned.

In the opinion of the author, almost all of the important and relevant documents have received attention in this chapter in order to create awareness of the problems in connection with the protection of the environment.

The impact of COVID-19 on the lives of people and businesses across the globe was devastating. While governments across the world had undertaken a slew of measures to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus within their geography, many of these measures had long and unintended consequences. The restrictions imposed by the governments on the movement of people and goods across the world brought supply chains to a grinding halt. This study identifies the cascading effects of supply chain disruptions (SCDs) on the energy sector and thereby on the security of supply of energy from a European Union perspective. Since these systems are closely integrated and the impact of COVID-19 needs to be analysed at a much broader level, this study uses a systems-thinking approach to study the effect of SCDs on energy services. The study develops a causal loop model to gain further insight into how SCDs caused by COVID-19 affected the coping capabilities of society and how critical services were affected. Furthermore, the study puts forth certain policy recommendations for both businesses and governments to prepare for and protect against a similar situation in the future.

This chapter discusses the creation, structure, and functioning of the International Criminal Court. It also examines its operations to date and addresses many contemporary criticisms of the court.

The ambition of human rights-based research is to generate an evidence base aligned to specific rights and rights holders. This chapter addresses the question ‘How does the ethical communication of research evidence support the achievement of this ambition?’ It outlines a Communication of Evidence For Impact (CEFI) approach that is focused on the realisation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). CEFI proposes that human rights-based communication is: a public good; a legal imperative in States that have ratified CRPD, and a moral imperative in States yet to sign or ratify; a core research competency and ethical requirement; participatory; and grounded in a culture of inclusion, intersectionality, and allyship. This chapter explores how five actors – States, research ethics committees, researchers, funders, and publishers – can each contribute to ethical communication. Recommendations are made for including and futureproofing CEFI in a disability research ethics framework.

This chapter explores how new tourism policy paradigms can emerge and settle in a wicked-problems scenario characterised by high labour informality. Acknowledging the growing importance of the tourism sector in Argentina, where labour informality has long been a concern, the authors focus on an ambitious and unprecedented tourism policy: PreViaje. Established in 2020, PreViaje is a program that promotes the selling of tourism services in advance to residents travelling within Argentina. It is designed around incentives to encourage formality via both tourism supply and demand. After looking at the outcomes of PreViaje, relevant matters to consider for future program editions are identified. These relate to temporal and spatial dispersal concerns, and trade-offs regarding economic, social and environmental matters.

Sustainable development is the part of every context of life. However, these is a lack of serious attention on the concept of sustainable tourism. Therefore, issues like cultural disintegration, inequality of shared benefits and lack of conservation of resources for future have been evident regularly. Similar is the case of Asian market although lack of research and publication under this vein is one of the major reasons for lack of user or readers knowledge. Therefore, this chapter has been written purposively in order to discuss the concept, theories, problem as well as factors behind sustainable tourism with special focus towards the factors that are causing problem in development and managing of tourism destination. Although to make the chapter interesting and important, authors try to relate the work with hurdles in India and Pakistan. Therefore, the significance of the study has many folds as it does not only initiate further research work but also optimize policymaking and entrepreneurial activities in way that will suit and support sustainable tourism practices.