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This research investigates the threshold effects of the interplay between finance, development and carbon emissions across 97 countries, including 50 low-income and 47 high-income countries, during the period from 1991 to 2019.

Employing various econometric modeling techniques such as dynamic linear regression, dynamic panel threshold regression and in/out of sample splitting, this study analyzes the data obtained from the World Bank's world development indicators.

The results indicate that low-income countries require a minimum financial development threshold of 0.354 to effectively reduce carbon emissions. Conversely, high-income countries require a higher financial development threshold of 0.662 to mitigate finance-induced carbon emissions. These findings validate the presence of a finance-led Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC). Furthermore, the study highlights those high-income countries exhibit greater environmental concern compared to their low-income counterparts. Additionally, a minimum GDP per capita of US$ 10,067 is necessary to facilitate economic development and subsequently reduce carbon emissions. Once GDP per capita surpasses this threshold, a rise in economic development by a certain percentage could lead to a 0.96% reduction in carbon emissions across all income levels.

This study provides a novel contribution by estimating practical financial and economic thresholds essential for reducing carbon emissions within countries at varying levels of development.

This paper reports on the findings of an action research study that sought to explore the development and provision of community-based low-threshold services within a socially disadvantaged area. In the context of debates, in regard to both the nature and efficacy of low-threshold drugs services and increasingly neo-liberal policy approaches to drug service provision that prioritise outcomes and drug treatment interventions, the purpose of this paper is to report on practitioners’ understandings of challenges, relationship building and outcomes within community-based low-threshold service provision in Dublin, Ireland.

An action research method of co-operative inquiry groups was utilised, with nine practitioners from one community-based drug agency participating in a series of four sessions over a three-month period.

Three key themes emerged in relation to building and sustaining client–practitioner relationships: the mechanisms by which the practitioners engaged with their clients and sought to develop relationships; how safe spaces were created and maintained in order to address client needs; and practitioners’ understanding of challenges and outcomes in low-threshold intervention work.

Drawing on a co-operative inquiry method, this paper concludes that practitioner attention to relational distance evidenced in community-based low-threshold service provision, may provide an alternative to episodic, outcome driven drug treatment and intervention.

This monograph presents a thorough examination of the phenomena of “threshold” levels of advertising activity and the “wearout’ of advertisements and/or campaigns. These are seen as corresponding to the management questions “How little can we spend/How infrequently can we advertise?” and “How much is too much/How infrequently is too little?” In the first section the relevant literature on, or related to, the two issues is reviewed. Section 2 describes a survey aimed at establishing current beliefs in the existence of the phenomena, the practices resulting from these beliefs, and the data which support them. Finally, Section 3 offers an overview on the managerial issues involved in decisions concerning threshold or wearout risks in advertising. It is suggested that wasted expenditure may be occurring in advertising because the believed levels of threshold and wearout are both too high.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the lemming effect as a possible cause for the privacy paradox in information security.

Behavioural threshold analysis is used to test for the presence of the lemming effect in information security behaviour. Paradoxical behaviour may be caused by the influential nature of the lemming effect. The lemming effect is presented as a possible cause of the privacy paradox.

The behavioural threshold analysis indicates that the lemming effect is indeed present in information security behaviour and may lead to paradoxical information security behaviour.

The analysis of the lemming effect can be used to assist companies in understanding the way employees influence each other in their behaviour in terms of security. By identifying possible problem areas, this approach can also assist in directing their information security education endeavours towards the most relevant topics.

This research describes the first investigation of the lemming effect in information security by means of behavioural threshold analysis in practice.

Uses Bank of Italy’s Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) panel data for 1993 and 1995 to model transition probabilities at the bottom of the Italian wage distribution and to investigate the features and determinants of low‐wage mobility. The analysis is based on a bivariate probit model with endogenous switching which allows tackling the initial conditions problem, i.e. the potential endogeneity of the conditioning starting state. Results show the appropriateness of such a choice, the hypothesis of exogenous initial conditions being always rejected. Shows that while some factors such as education, sex and geographical location have an effect on low‐pay persistence, job‐related variables are more effective in avoiding falls into low pay from higher pay. It is also shown how raw persistence involves a considerable share of true state dependence, i.e. the experience of low pay raises, per se, the probability of future low‐pay episodes, irrespective of personal attributes.

The threshold for the disclosure of environmental events in corporate reports is of fundamental importance. Recent government and professional reports (ICAA, 1998; and Victoria Parliament, 1999) have suggested that perhaps environmental events should be disclosed by entities at lower threshold levels than those suggested for the disclosure of economic events. The materiality research reveals that, from the perspective of stakeholders, economic events with thresholds of 5% should be disclosed. In this study the nature of thresholds pertinent to environmental events are considered. Stakeholder groups, shareholders, shareholder/environmentalists and environmentalists, indicate, through stated and revealed research methods, that the threshold level for disclosing an environmental event is significantly less than the regulated threshold for economic events.

The purpose of this paper is to compare investment in innovation (e.g. R&D) between new venture start‐ups before commercialization and operating businesses after commercialization.

Real options methods were used to model a new venture start‐up as a perpetual call option on an operating business that grows with R&D. The operating business uses R&D to improve actual earnings while the start‐up uses R&D to improve prospective earnings. When the start‐up entrepreneur commercializes his/her new product, device, or service with conventional investment (e.g. plant, property, and equipment to begin production), prospective earnings convert into actual earnings.

The ability of the start‐up entrepreneur to avoid commercialization costs upon failed R&D makes R&D more valuable to the start‐up entrepreneur than to the manager of the already operating business (for whom commercialization costs are sunk) and despite R&D costs that the start‐up incurs without the revenues that only commercialization generates. The value of R&D to the start‐up can be so great that the entrepreneur invests in R&D before the manager of an otherwise similar operating business in similar business conditions.

Without favoring either a priori, the authors show that under broad circumstances, a new venture start‐up undertakes R&D before an already operating business. The authors also discuss the empirical implications of the results.

This study aims to interrogate dynamic asymmetric relationships between public debt and economic growth in Southern African Developing Communities (SADC), over the period 2000–2018.

The study employed a panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) technique to analyse dynamic asymmetric relationships between public debt and economic growth, and the threshold effect at which public debt hampers economic growth.

The findings indicate that there is a significant nonlinear effect of debt on economic growth in SADC. The study discovered a debt threshold of 60% to GDP at which debt beyond this threshold deteriorates long-term growth. The low-debt regime was found to be positive and statistically significant, while the high-debt regime is detrimental for long-term growth. Fiscal policymakers ought to consider the adoption of well-coordinated debt policies that aims to strike a balance between sustainable public debt and economic growth, within a reasonable threshold target.

The study focusses on asymmetric and threshold analysis of public debt on economic growth in SADC using sophisticated panel smooth transition regression (STAR). This study provides rigorous empirical evidence within the SADC perspective in which previous studies have predominantly been confined in advanced economies.

Incoherent primary radar is an applicable means for security surveillance of low-altitude airspace. An experimental airspace surveillance radar system has been developed for such applications. Target detector based on radar images is a powerful technique for the system. The main difficulty in designing such a detector is the rejection of heavy edge clutter for the plane position indicator (PPI) radar images after background subtraction.

The paper proposes an edge clutter rejection (ECR) detector with spatial characteristics to detect target instead of sheer threshold segmentation.

The paper chooses the optimal parameter values for the ECR detector and compares it with the existing techniques. Detection results show that the proposed detector achieves higher probability of detection with low false alarm rate, outperforming the fixed-threshold detector and the popular constant false alarm rate detectors. The ECR detector also presents limited computational cost due to its concentration on the pixels detected by the fixed-threshold algorithm with low threshold.

The aviation security of low-altitude airspace can be greatly increased by designing affordable airspace surveillance radar system.

The paper presents critical techniques for clutter rejection with PPI images, which is a significant part of the surveillance system.

Tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs) have significantly steeper sub-threshold slope (24–30 mv/decade), as compared with the conventional metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), which have a sub-threshold slope of 60 mv/decade at room temperature. The steep sub-threshold slope of TFETs enables a much faster switching, making TFETs a better option than MOSFETs for low-voltage VLSI applications. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel hetero-junction TFET-based Schmitt triggers, which outperform the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) Schmitt triggers at low power supply voltage levels.

The conventional Schmitt trigger has been implemented with both MOSFETs and HTFETs for operation at a low-voltage level of 0.4 V and a target hysteresis width of 100 mV. Simulation results have indicated that the HTFET-based Schmitt trigger not only has significantly lower delays but also consumes lesser power as compared to the CMOS-based Schmitt trigger. The limitations of the conventional Schmitt trigger design have been analysed, and improved CMOS and CMOS–HTFET hybrid Schmitt trigger designs have been presented.

The conventional Schmitt trigger implemented with HTFETs has 99.9% lower propagation delay (29ps) and 41.2% lesser power requirement (4.7 nW) than the analogous CMOS Schmitt trigger, which has a delay of 36 ns and consumes 8 nW of power. An improved Schmitt trigger design has been proposed which has a transistor count of only six as compared to the eight transistors required in the conventional design. The proposed improved Schmitt trigger design, when implemented with only CMOS devices enable a reduction of power delay product (PDP) by 98.4% with respect to the CMOS conventional Schmitt trigger design. The proposed CMOS–HTFET hybrid Schmitt trigger further helps in decreasing the delay of the improved CMOS-only Schmitt trigger by 70% and PDP by 21%.

The unique advantage of very steep sub-threshold slope of HTFETs has been used to improve the performance of the conventional Schmitt trigger circuit. Novel CMOS-only and CMOS–HTFET hybrid improved Schmitt trigger designs have been proposed which requires lesser number of transistors (saving 70% chip area) for implementation and has significantly lower delays and power requirement than the conventional designs.