Index
Informal Economy and Sustainable Development Goals: Ideas, Interventions and Challenges
ISBN: 978-1-83753-981-9, eISBN: 978-1-83753-980-2
Publication date: 7 October 2024
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2024), "Index", Vinodan, A., Mahalakshmi, S. and Rameshkumar, S. (Ed.) Informal Economy and Sustainable Development Goals: Ideas, Interventions and Challenges, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 399-414. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83753-980-220241021
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2024 A. Vinodan, S. Mahalakshmi, and S. Rameshkumar
INDEX
Aadhar Card for Indian Nationals
, 182
Accra, emergence, growth, and work of informal waste sector in
, 229–230
Active labour market policies (ALMPs)
, 309
Adult men
, 303
Africa, overview of waste management approaches in
, 210–218
African Charter on the Values and Principles of Decentralisation, The
, 206
Age
, 54–55
Agriculture
, 30–31
implication of digitalization in agricultural sector of Ghana
, 38–40
sector
, 361
Agro-processing business in rural areas
, 31
Agro-processing sector
, 31
AMA
, 229
American Research and Development (ARD)
, 89
Apprenticeship
, 33
Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 81, 258
Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan
, 175
Augmented Mincerian earning equation
, 336
Average informal employment
, 299
Banking Regulation Act
, 185
Beedi and Cigar Workers Act (1966)
, 99, 111
Betweenness centrality
, 69
Bibliometric research design
, 67
Bibliometric study
limitations and prospects for future research
, 76–77
research methodology
, 67–68
results
, 68–69
thematic analysis
, 69
thematic map interpretation
, 72–75
thematic slice 1 analysis
, 69–71
thematic slice 2 analysis
, 71–72
Block
, 246
Boost Ghana
, 44–45
Budget equation
, 129
Bureaucratic procedures, minimising
, 21
Capability domain
, 88
Capability evolution process
, 12
Capability substitution
, 12
Central governance structure
, 206
Circular economy
, 373–374
City authorities understand necessity
, 230–231
City stakeholders
, 228
Civil Service Week Awards Ceremony (2022)
, 29
Clean Kerala Company Limited
, 376
Climate action
challenges of collaborating and supporting informal waste sector
, 231–232
collaborating with IWAs to address climate change issues
, 231
concept of
, 225–226
demographic characteristics of respondents
, 229
emergence, growth, and work of informal waste sector in Accra
, 229–230
findings
, 229
formal waste and informal waste management
, 226–227
implications
, 232–234
informal waste sector
, 227
literature review
, 225
methodology
, 228
recognizing informal waste sector
, 230–231
Climate change
, 224
collaborating with IWAs to address
, 231
engine for combating
, 227
Closeness centrality
, 69
Clothing industry
, 316
Cluster Development Initiative (CDI)
, 92
Co-operative Society Act (1904)
, 182
Coercive techniques
, 276
Colonial rule
, 85
Commodity market
foreign capital inflow and variation in commodity market imperfection
, 131–134
limiting cases and role of imperfection in
, 140–141
Commodity prices
, 127
Community, vision for
, 20
Community project management
, 9–10
Community services management, health and safety in
, 22
Community–based facilities management (CbFM)
, 4
Composting
, 374
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
, 189, 193
Construction workers
, 33, 274
Coordinated Programme for Economic and Social Development
, 34
Corporations
, 39–40
Counterfactual decomposition results
, 350
Cournot-Nash fashion
, 130
COVID–19
, 157
and food security
, 158–160
pandemic
, 173–174
Cramer’s rule
, 145, 149–150
Cultures
, 89
Current Weekly Status (CWS)
, 361
Data cleaning process
, 161
Data collection
, 161
Decentralization process
, 206, 212
Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission
, 246
Demand functions derivation
, 148
Demonetization policy
, 194, 196
Descriptive statistics
, 163, 165–168
Differentiated product
, 134
Digital divide
, 36
Digital economy
, 261
Digital farming
, 38
Digital labour platforms
, 258, 262
Digital platforms
, 39
business model
, 43
Digital solutions
, 29
Digital transformation
contemporary observations of digitalization initiatives
, 37–38
digitalization policy for informal sector of Ghana
, 35–37
history of Ghana’s digitalization journey
, 33–35
implication of digitalization in agricultural sector of Ghana
, 38–40
implication of digitalization in microcredit services
, 40–43
implication of digitalization in retail sector of Ghana
, 44–45
informal sector
, 29–30
methodology
, 37
overview of informal sector of Ghana
, 30–33
Digitalization
, 28–29, 44–45
contemporary observations of
, 37–38
implication of digitalization in agricultural sector of Ghana
, 38–40
in microcredit services
, 40–43
policy for informal sector of Ghana
, 35–37
in retail sector of Ghana
, 44–45
of transportation
, 43
Digitization
, 28, 258
Directorate General of Training (DGT)
, 247
Directory manufacturing establishment (DMEs)
, 111
Dirty, dangerous, and demanding (3-D jobs)
, 52
Disabilities, participation of women and persons with
, 262–263
Disaster management guidelines
, 22
Discrimination
, 283
Domestic activities
, 325
Domestic workers
, 274
Dualism
, 296
Dyeing process
, 93
Dynamic analysis
, 302
Dynamic capabilities and role of universities
, 89–91
E-agriculture initiative
, 38
E-commerce
, 45
platforms
, 44
E-farm information
, 38
E-Government Development Index
, 35
Eco-entrepreneurship
, 252
Economic development of rural areas
, 238
Economic hardship
, 157
Economic Research Forum (ERF)
, 300
Ecosystem research
, 80
Ecosystem theory
, 88
dynamic capabilities and role of universities
, 89–91
Education
, 55, 165
Egypt
, 302–303
Ellison–Glaeser index (EG index)
, 100
Empirical analysis
, 56
Employment
dummies
, 346
in informal sector
, 363
status and sector wise labour force participation rate
, 361–363
status of women in power looms
, 321–322
Empowerment
, 384
Energy systems enterprises
, 6–7
Entrepreneurial abilities of rural population, government initiatives for enhancing
, 246–248
Entrepreneurial skills
, 250
Entrepreneurship in context of India, encouraging rural development through
, 248–251
Environment service delivery
, 10
Environmental Assessment Regulations
, 212
Environmental enterprises
, 5
Environmental entrepreneurship in informal settlements, role and forms of
, 5–7
energy systems enterprises
, 6–7
green spaces and infrastructure
, 6
recycling
, 7
waste and sanitation services
, 6
Environmental Protection Agency
, 212
Environmental sustainability
, 224
Equations of change
, 145–147
European Charter of Local Self-Government
, 206
Executive function
, 209
Expanded Public Works scheme
, 21
Extended producer responsibility
, 375
Extension with product differentiating industry
, 134–140
Factories Act (1948)
, 83, 99
Family income
, 55–56
Farming
, 322, 324, 327
Female entrepreneurship
, 242
Female migrants
, 289
workers in India
, 273
Female migration
, 272
causes of
, 284–286
Finance
, 22
Financial behaviour
, 53–54, 56
age
, 54–55
classification of
, 59
descriptive statistics
, 58
education
, 55
empirical analysis
, 56
family income
, 55–56
family type
, 55
gender
, 54
implications and scope for future research
, 61
literature review
, 53
marital status
, 55
measure
, 56
methodology
, 56
population, sampling, and data collection
, 56–58
regression results
, 59–61
results
, 58
socio-economic characteristics and
, 54
Financial capabilities
, 53
Financial circumstances
, 53
Financial constraint
, 219
Financial education
, 62
Financial inclusion
, 76, 181–182, 190
relationship between financial inclusion and human development
, 196–197
Financial literacy
, 52, 55, 62
Financial system
, 75
Fish processing, activities involving
, 31
Fishing, activities involving
, 31
Flexibility in gig economy
, 260
Food consumption score
, 168–169
predictors of FSC
, 169–172
regression analysis of factors determining FCS at household level
, 170–172
Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing means scores
, 168
Food security in informal sector
COVID-19 and
, 158–160
COVID-19 and economic hardship
, 157
descriptive statistics
, 165–168
descriptive statistics of participants
, 166–167
food consumption score
, 168–169
limitations and future scope
, 175
measures
, 162
methods
, 160
outcome measure
, 162
participants and procedures
, 160–161
policy implications
, 174–175
predictor variables
, 162–163
predictors of FSC
, 169
results
, 165
statistical analyses
, 163–165
survey design
, 162
Foreign capital inflow and variation in commodity market imperfection
, 131–134
Formal employment
, 306
Formal manufacturing sector in India
, 101
(see also Informal manufacturing sector in India)
industrial agglomeration pattern of formal sector
, 101–106
top five states in terms of employment share
, 107–110
Formal vocational training
, 244
Formal waste management
, 226–227
Formalization
, 311
of informal settlements through title deeds
, 21
policies
, 296, 309–310
process of informal SWM sector in India
, 374–375
root causes of formalisation drive
, 308–310
of SWM in Kerala
, 375–377
Four-quadrant graph
, 76
Frontier technologies
, 81
Fuzzy Set
, 298–299
Gender
, 296, 301, 303–306, 359
diversity
, 242
gap
, 358, 361, 363–364
gender-based wage discrimination in india
, 334
gender-responsive learning systems
, 250
inequality
, 339
mean wage differential by gender groups in urban informal sector
, 340–341
Gender disparity
, 372
analysis
, 360
category, status and sector wise informal employment and payment
, 363–368
concepts
, 360
data and methods
, 360
employment category, status and sector wise labour force participation rate
, 361–363
employment in informal sector
, 363
labour force participation rate in India
, 360
review of literature
, 358–360
General (GEN)
, 278
General equilibrium (GE)
, 127
extension with product differentiating industry
, 134–140
foreign capital inflow and variation in commodity market imperfection
, 131–134
limiting cases and role of imperfection in commodity market
, 140–141
literature
, 127
literature, and motivation 126–128
model
, 128
German Agency for Technical Cooperation
, 212
German dual system of apprenticeship
, 241
Ghana
digital technology ecosystem
, 34
digitalization policy for informal sector of
, 35–37
history of Ghana’s digitalization journey
, 33–35
implication of digitalization in agricultural sector of
, 38–40
implication of digitalization in retail sector of
, 44–45
legislative frameworks for waste management in
, 213–214
Ghana Card
, 37
Ghana Digital Financial Services
, 37
Ghana Investment Fund for Electronic Communications (GIFEC)
, 35–36
Ghana National Poverty Reduction Strategy II (2006–2009)
, 226
Ghana National Urban Policy (2012)
, 226
Ghana Post GPS
, 35
Ghana Postal and Telecommunication Services
, 34
Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy
, 34
Ghana. Gov platform
, 35
Ghanaian context
, 211–213
Gig economy
, 258, 265
convergence between gig economy and informalisation
, 264–265
emergence of
, 258
flexibility vs. vulnerability in
, 260
health issues
, 261–262
inclusive gig economy
, 262
and informality
, 263
methodology
, 258
nature of vulnerability in gig economy
, 261
occupational safety
, 261
participation of persons with disabilities and from marginalised groups
, 263
participation of women and persons with disabilities
, 262–263
policy recommendations
, 265–266
social vulnerabilities
, 262
transformation of work and worker in gig economy
, 259–262
Gig work
, 258, 259–260, 262
Gig workers
, 265
Globalization
, 276
Government of India (GoI)
, 175, 239
Governmental agencies
, 22
Governmental decentralization
, 206
Governments
, 240
initiatives for enhancing entrepreneurial abilities of rural population
, 246–248
policy interventions by
, 91–93
support
, 162, 169, 173, 175
Green spaces and infrastructure
, 6
Green task force workers
, 385
Greenhouse gas (GHG)
, 224
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 81, 157, 194
Handloom
brief history of
, 85–86
history of innovation in
, 87–88
innovate
, 93
inventions and innovation
, 93–94
issues in
, 91
policy interventions by government
, 91–93
profile of textile sector and
, 85–86
weaving industry
, 82, 86, 93
Happy Heuristics
, 298–299
Haritha Karma Sena
, 376
Haritha Keralam Mission (Green Kerala Mission)
, 376
Havanna Entrepreneur technique of social enterprises
, 7
Health concerns, lack of
, 387
Health in community services management
, 22
Healthcare facilities
, 374
Heckman regression equations
, 342
Heredity learning
, 244
Human behaviour
, 54
Human capital theory
, 347
Human development, relationship between financial inclusion and
, 196–197
Human development index (HDI)
, 190
Human security approach
, 163
ICT for Accelerated Development (ICT4AD)
, 34, 36
ILOSTAT
, 296
Imperfect competition under product homogeneity model
, 145–147
Imperfect competition with product-differentiating industry model
, 148–152
Inclusive community participation
, 21–22
Inclusivity
challenges of collaborating and supporting informal waste sector
, 231–232
collaborating with IWAs to address climate change issues
, 231
concept of informality
, 225–226
demographic characteristics of respondents
, 229
emergence, growth, and work of informal waste sector in Accra
, 229–230
findings
, 229
formal waste and informal waste management
, 226–227
implications
, 232–234
informal waste sector
, 227
literature review
, 225
methodology
, 228
recognizing informal waste sector
, 230–231
Income vulnerabilities for migrants and non-migrants, determinants of
, 286–288
Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA)
, 308
Independent variables
, 162
India
, 183–185, 316
encouraging rural development through entrepreneurship in context of
, 248–251
female labour force participation in
, 358
formal manufacturing sector in
, 99–110
labour force participation rate in
, 360
SHGs in
, 187
textile industry
, 317
unorganized sector in
, 82–85
Indian banking system
, 185
Indian context
, 89–90
Indian Experience
, 263–265
Indian Institute of Public Administration, The
, 246
Indian textile sector
, 82
Industrial agglomeration
, 100
Industrial dispersion
formal manufacturing sector in India
, 99–110
informal manufacturing sector in India
, 110–123
Industrial ecosystem framework
, 88
Industrial revolutions
brief history of
, 85
profile of textile sector and handloom
, 85–86
Industrial Training Institutes (ITI)
, 247
Industry 4.0
, 85
Informal activities
, 110
Informal actors
, 233–234
Informal communities
, 210
Informal economy
, 29, 66, 258, 264–265, 296
workers
, 157
Informal employees
, 335, 350
Informal employment
, 300, 364
in MENA countries
, 299–302
and payment, category, status and sector wise
, 363–368
Informal lending
, 66–69, 74–75
Informal manufacturing sector in India, 110–123 (see also Formal manufacturing sector in India)
industrial agglomeration pattern of informal sector
, 114–119
informal sector employment share of top five states
, 120–123
statewise rural–urban distribution of enterprises
, 112–113
Informal sectors
, 66–67, 69–70, 73, 75, 126, 264, 276, 372–373
digitalization policy for informal sector of Ghana
, 35–37
employment in
, 336, 363
formalization process of informal SWM sector in India
, 374–375
of Ghana
, 30
rural informal economy
, 31–32
urban informal economy
, 32–33
Informal settlements
, 4, 204–205
aspects of sustainable community-based facilities management
, 8–11
building trust
, 22
challenges of waste management in
, 215–218
conceptual and application challenges
, 14–18
conceptual framework for management of services in
, 12–14
contextual issues in communities
, 22
disaster management guidelines
, 22
finance
, 22
formalisation of informal settlements through title deeds
, 21
functions of local assemblies
, 208–210
health and safety in community services management
, 22
identification of training capabilities
, 20–21
inclusive community participation
, 21–22
indicators
, 23
integrated management platform
, 20
management of services in
, 7
minimising bureaucratic procedures
, 21
overview of waste management approaches in Africa
, 210–218
public sector relevance
, 20
recommendations
, 218–219
recommendations for management of
, 19
right policies in place
, 19–20
role and forms of environmental entrepreneurship in
, 5–7
in South Africa
, 11–12
structure of local assemblies
, 206–208
sustainable community-based facilities management
, 7–8
vision for community
, 20
waste management
, 204, 214–215
Informal waste management
, 226–227
Informal waste sector
, 227
in Accra, emergence, growth, and work of
, 229–230
challenges of collaborating and supporting
, 231–232
recognizing
, 230–231
Informal waste workers
, 373
Informal workers
, 359
Informal workforce
, 182
Informal–economy households
, 161–162, 164, 169
Informalisation
convergence between gig economy and
, 264–265
of employment
, 358
root causes of informalisation drive
, 308–310
Informality
, 224, 264, 296, 300, 303–304, 359
concept of
, 225–226
definitions and theories of
, 298–299
drivers of
, 305–307
gig economy and
, 263–265
sources and coverage of informality in MENA countries
, 300–302
Information, Communication, and Technology (ICT)
, 34
Innovation
, 91
handloom-weaving industry
, 93–94
Innovative formalisation approaches
, 311
Institutional mechanisms
, 92
Institutionalist approach
, 299
Institutions
, 9
Integrated Child Development Services
, 175
Integrated management platform
, 20
Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act (1979)
, 289
Internal migrants
, 273
International Facility Management Expert Centre (IFMEC)
, 8
International Labour Office (ILO)
, 30, 296
International Labour Organization (ILO)
, 126, 310
Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology
, 81
Jacquard looms
, 86
Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS)
, 241, 246
Job creation
, 300
Joint liability groups (JLGs)
, 184
Kozhikode Municipal Corporation
, 377
Kudumbasree mission
, 376
Labour force participation rates (LFPRs)
, 242
employment category, status and sector wise
, 361–363
in India
, 360
Labour Force Participation Survey (2017–2018)
, 111
Labour force surveys (LFS)
, 296
Labour formalization process
, 141
Labour markets
, 297–298, 334
indicators by age and area as per usual status
, 243
scenario
, 242–245
segmentation
, 298
Labour supply behaviour
, 304
Lagrangian function
, 148
Legislations
, 19, 374
Legislative frameworks for waste management in Ghana
, 213–214
Liberalization
, 126
Local assemblies
functions of
, 208–210
structure of
, 206–208
Local Governance Act (2016)
, 206, 213
Local Government Act, The (1993)
, 206, 208
Local Government Act (1993)
, 213
Local governments
, 234
Localization
, 252
Log linear model
, 193
Log linear regression models
, 192
Logistic regressions
, 296
Low wages
, 385–386
Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education
, 250
Manufacturing sector
, 33
Marginalised groups, participation of persons with disabilities and from
, 263
Marital status
, 55
Material collection facilities (MCF)
, 376, 388
Max–min method of normalization
, 190
Mean wage differential by gender groups in urban informal sector
, 340–341
Metropolitan assemblies
, 219
Micro and small enterprises (MSEs)
, 300
Microcredit
, 183, 309
Microcredit services, implication of digitalization in
, 40–43
Microfinance
, 184
history of microfinance with different forms of operation
, 184–185
Microfinance institutions (MFIs)
, 182, 310–311
Microlending
, 183
Microloan
, 183
Mid-Day Meal Scheme
, 175
Middle East and North African countries (MENA countries)
, 296
definitions and theories of informality
, 298–299
drivers of informality
, 305–307
Egypt
, 302–303
Jordan
, 303–304
literature review
, 297
methodology
, 299
persistent informality and declining occupational mobility
, 302
region
, 296
results
, 302
robustness checks
, 307–308
root causes of informalisation and formalisation drive
, 308–310
sources and coverage of informality in MENA countries
, 300–302
stylised facts at aggregate level
, 299–300
transitions from school to work
, 297–298
Tunisia
, 305
Migrant workers
, 52, 61, 286
access to social security benefits
, 282–284
background of migrant workers prior to migration
, 280–281
paradoxical question of
, 281
pre-work status of migrants and non-migrants
, 280
waiting period for job
, 281
Migrants
determinants of income vulnerabilities for
, 286–288
socio-economic and demographic characteristics of
, 293–294
throng exploitative informal sector
, 275–277
Migration
, 52
background of migrant workers prior to
, 280–281
Millennium Development Goals, The (MDG)
, 11
Ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs)
, 206
Ministry of Local Government, Decentralization, and Rural Development (MLGDRD)
, 212
Ministry of Local Government and Rural Affairs
, 212
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)
, 239
Ministry of Textile (MoT)
, 91, 317
Mobile Money Interoperability Payment System
, 29
Mobile money services
, 37
MTN Mobile Money
, 37
Multinomial logistic models
, 307
Multinomial logistic regression
, 169
evidence from
, 305–307
model
, 164
Multinomial regression model
, 164
Multiple linear regression analysis (MLR analysis)
, 56
Multiple regression model
, 59
Multistage random sampling method
, 187
Multivariate linear regression model
, 287
Municipalities
, 21
National Action Plan for Climate Change of 2009
, 374
National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)
, 241
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
, 182
National Broadband Policy and Implementation Strategy
, 34
National broadband strategy
, 34
National Commission on Enterprises in the unorganized sector (NCEUS)
, 336, 358
National Education Policy (NEP)
, 250
National Environment Policy of 2006
, 374
National Financial Literacy and Inclusion Survey 2019 (NCFE-FLIS)
, 53
National Food Security Act
, 173, 175
National government
, 234
National Identification System
, 29
National Industrial Classification codes, The
, 336
National Institute of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development, The (NIESBUD)
, 247, 250
National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)
, 92, 94
National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj
, 250
National Local Economic Development Policy (2014)
, 226
National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
, 242
National Rural Financial Inclusion Plan (NRFIP)
, 182
National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
, 359
National Skill Development Corporation, The
, 247
National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI)
, 182
Necessity, city authorities understand
, 230–231
New Urban Agenda, The
, 224
Non-directory manufacturing establishments (NDMEs)
, 111
Non-formal vocational training
, 244
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
, 183
Non-migrant workers, socio-economic and demographic characteristics of
, 293–294
Non-migrants, determinants of income vulnerabilities for
, 286–288
Nuclear family setting
, 55
Number of meals
, 164
Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition (OB decomposition)
, 335
results
, 347–350
Occupational mobility
, 296, 302, 311
persistent informality and declining
, 302
Occupational safety
, 261
Open burning
, 227
Open dumps
, 212
Operation clean your frontage (OCYF)
, 203, 213
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 206
Other backward caste (OBC)
, 278
Own Account Enterprises (OAEs)
, 83–84
Own account manufacturing enterprises (OAMEs)
, 111
Pandemic
, 157
Parliamentary Monitoring Group (PMG)
, 11
Partial structural equation modeling
, 164
Pay user fee, refusal to
, 381
People
major activities of
, 322–324
time allocation of
, 324–327
Per capita net state domestic product (PNSDP)
, 187
Periodical Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
, 243, 335
Persistent informality and declining occupational mobility
, 302
Persons with disabilities, participation of women and
, 262–263
Persons with disabilities and from marginalised groups, participation of
, 263
Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016
, 374
Platform economy
, 258
Policy interventions by government
, 91–93
Political security
, 173
Politicians
, 9
Poor waste management practices
, 214
Power loom sector
data sources and methodology
, 318–320
demographic characteristics
, 320–321
employment status of women in power looms
, 321–322
major activities of people
, 322–324
objectives of study
, 317
policy implications
, 328–329
research questions
, 317
results
, 327–328
review of literature
, 317–318
significance of study
, 316–317
time allocation of people
, 324–327
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
, 182
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKY)
, 241
Pradhan MantriGaribKalyan Anna Yojana
, 175
Precision farming
, 39
Predictor variables
, 162–163
Preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta analysis model (PRISMA model)
, 67–68
Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)
, 247
Private sector initiative (PSI)
, 212
Product differentiating industry, extension with
, 134–140
Public distribution system (PDS)
, 173
Public procurement process
, 247
Public sector relevance
, 20
Public services
, 4–5, 7, 12
Public Services International Research Unit, The
, 204
Qualitative analysis
, 67
Qualitative approach
, 228
Qualitative content analysis
, 37
Quality education
, 240, 252
Random sampling techniques
, 161
Recycling
, 7, 374
Regional co-coordinating councils
, 207
Regional concentration of economic activity
, 98
Regional Coordinating Council (RCC)
, 207
Regional Directorates of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (RDESE)
, 247
Regression models, statics of variables used in
, 354–355
Reservation Act (1985)
, 91
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
, 182
Resource constraints and gaps in implementation
, 387–388
Right policies in place
, 19–20
Right-hand side of equation (RHS of equation)
, 130
Robotics technology
, 258
Robustness checks
, 307–308
Rural area of Benipur
, 317–318
Rural cooperatives (RCs)
, 184–185
Rural development
through entrepreneurship in context of India
, 248–251
process
, 186
Rural entrepreneur
, 238–239
Rural entrepreneurship
, 238, 240–242, 246, 248, 251
Rural informal economy
, 31–32
Rural Infrastructure Development Fund
, 182
Rural population, government initiatives for enhancing entrepreneurial abilities of
, 246–248
Rural Self Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs)
, 246
Rural–urban migration
, 30, 283
Safety in community services management
, 22
Sahwa youth survey (2016)
, 301
Sanitation
, 374
Sanitation services
, 6
Sankey diagram
, 68
Scheduled castes (SCs)
, 274, 278
School to work, transitions from
, 297–298
School-to-work transition survey (SWTS)
, 297
Security benefits, migrant workers access to social
, 282–284
Self–help groups (SHG)
, 182–184, 186
data and methods used in study
, 188–190
estimates of log linear regression models for four indicators at India Level
, 191–192
history of microfinance with different forms of operation
, 184–185
implications of study results
, 194–196
literature review and significance of present study
, 185–188
objectives of study
, 188
relationship between financial inclusion and human development
, 196–197
results
, 190
Service sector
, 33
Service systems
, 14
Shephard’s lemma
, 130
Short message service (SMS)
, 39
Skill development
, 239, 246
programs
, 247
Skill India Digital
, 247
Slums
, 205
Snowball sampling method
, 57, 161
Social and sustainable institutions (SSEs)
, 310
Social capital theory
, 12
Social enterprises
, 5, 7
Social security benefits, paradoxical question of migrant workers’ workplace vulnerabilities and access to
, 281
Social vulnerabilities
, 262
Societal perception towards labourers
, 378
derogatory labels to address workers
, 383
irresponsibility in waste segregation
, 381–382
positive changes in societal perception with professional outlook
, 384
refusal to pay user fee
, 381
teasing workers’ children
, 383–384
unfriendly responses
, 382–383
Socio-technical systems
, 8
Solid waste management (SWM)
, 373
formalization of SWM in Kerala
, 375–377
formalization process of informal SWM sector in India
, 374–375
formalizing
, 373–374
methods
, 377–378
results
, 378–388
societal perception towards labourers
, 378–384
state response to task force
, 384–388
Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016
, 374
South Africa, informal settlements in
, 11–12
Stakeholders
, 311
Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP)
, 241
State response to task force
, 384
lack of health concerns
, 387
lack of work equipment
, 386–387
low and unstable wages
, 385–386
resource constraints and gaps in implementation
, 387–388
Statistical analyses
, 163–165
Statistical Package for Social Sciences software program
, 163
StreeJagrutiSamiti (community-based organization)
, 161
Stress
, 281
extent/nature of stress and payment for overtime work at workplace
, 282
Suchitwa Mission (Hygiene Mission)
, 376
Survey design
, 162
Sustainability concerns
, 5
Sustainable community-based facilities management
, 7–8
aspects of
, 8
community project management
, 9–10
disaster management
, 10
environment service delivery
, 10
finance
, 10
governance
, 9
maintenance
, 9
service delivery performance
, 10
well-being and community safety
, 10
Sustainable development
, 8, 127, 184, 240
Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
, 28, 52, 82, 156, 202, 224, 373–374
Sustainable facilities management
, 8
Sustainable rural development through entrepreneurship
encouraging rural development through entrepreneurship in context of India
, 248–251
government initiatives for enhancing entrepreneurial abilities of rural population
, 246–248
labour market scenario
, 242–245
major objectives
, 239
methodology
, 239
need to promote rural entrepreneurship
, 241–242
policy implications
, 251
review of literature
, 240–241
Swabhiman
, 182
Tax Identification Numbers
, 29
Technology adoption
, 80
Textiles
, 316
industry
, 82
profile of textile sector and handloom
, 85–86
sector of India
, 80
Thematic analysis
, 69
Thematic map interpretation
, 72–75
Thematic Slice 1 analysis
, 69–71
Thematic Slice 2 analysis
, 71–72
“Tokenistic” approach
, 219
Trade theory
, 127
Trade-balance condition
, 130
Training
, 21
Transition matrix
, 303
Tree map analysis
, 68
Tree map analysis
, 75
Triple helix
, 89
Trotro Tractor Limited (TTL)
, 43
Trust
, 22
Tunisia
, 305
Unemployment
, 306
Unemployment rate (UR)
, 242
Unit committees
, 207
United Nations (UN)
, 196
UN-Habitat indicator
, 218
United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (2012)
, 28
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
, 190, 202–203
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
, 5, 204, 217
United Nations Human Security framework
, 161
United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
, 204
United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS)
, 162–163
United Nations waste management
, 210
Universities, dynamic capabilities and role of
, 89–91
University of Buffalo Global Health Equity
, 12
Unorganized manufacturing
, 80, 83–84
Unorganized sector
, 84
in India
, 82–85
Unstable wages
, 385–386
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD)
, 38
Urban informal economy
, 32–33
Urban informal labour market
background of migrant workers prior to migration
, 280–281
causes of female migration
, 284–286
data and methodology
, 274–275
determinants of income vulnerabilities for migrants and non-migrants
, 286–288
migrant workers’ access to social security benefits
, 282–284
migrants throng exploitative informal sector
, 275–277
paradoxical question of migrant workers’ workplace vulnerabilities and access to social security benefits
, 281
policy implications
, 289
review of literature
, 273–274
saving pattern
, 284
social security benefits
, 284
socio-demographic background
, 278–280
stress
, 281
working overtime
, 282
Urban informal sector
, 272
in Ghana
, 32
mean wage differential by gender groups in
, 340–341
Urban local bodies (ULBs)
, 375
Usual principal and subsidiary status (UPSS)
, 336
Utility function
, 129
V.V. Giri National Labour Institute (VVGNLI)
, 250
Value
, 190
Varanasi
, 316
Vision 2020
, 34
Vodafone Cash
, 37
Vulnerabilities
, 272
of female migrants
, 286
in gig economy
, 260–261
Wage decomposition results of casual labour
, 350
Wage differential in labour markets
, 334
Wage inequality in Indian urban informal labour
data and methodology
, 335
determinants of wages of male and female workers
, 341–347
empirical methods
, 336–337
mean wage differential by gender groups in urban informal sector
, 340–341
OB decomposition results
, 347–350
policy suggestion
, 350–351
results
, 337
sources of data
, 335–336
workforce participation and gender
, 337–340
Wages
, 359–360
Waste
, 204
irresponsibility in waste segregation
, 381–382
recycling
, 5
waste-to-energy technologies
, 374
worker
, 373–374
Waste and sanitation services
, 6
Waste collectors
, 230
Waste generation
, 374
Waste management
, 204, 224–226, 228, 231–232, 373
Africa Perspective
, 210
approaches in Africa
, 210–218
challenges of waste management in informal settlements
, 215–218
constrains of waste management in informal settlements
, 216
functions
, 212
Ghanaian context
, 211–213
legislative frameworks for waste management in Ghana
, 213–214
practices
, 202
waste management in informal settlements
, 214–215
Waste Management Department (WMD)
, 207
Waste picker
, 373–374
organizations
, 373
Water Resources Commission Act (1996)
, 213
Welfare function
, 131
West African Agriculture Productivity Programme
, 38
Wilcoxon signed rank test
, 168
Wilcoxon test
, 164
Women
, 183
employment status of women in power looms
, 321–322
empowerment
, 183, 186
entrepreneur
, 187
participation of women and persons with disabilities
, 262–263
Women migrants
, 272
concentration of
, 274
Women’s entrepreneurship development programmes (WEDP)
, 247
Work
in gig economy, transformation of
, 259–262
lack of work equipment
, 386–387
transitions from school to
, 297–298
Worker in gig economy, transformation of
, 259–262
Workers’ employment outcomes
, 306
Workforce participation (WPR)
, 337
and gender
, 337–340
Working population ratio (WPR)
, 242
World Bank Institute
, 218
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
, 214
World Food Programme (WFP)
, 162
World Health Organization (WHO)
, 156, 214
Youth unemployment
, 300
- Prelims
- Ideas
- Chapter 1: A Conceptual Framework for Managing Public Services Delivered by Environmental Enterprises in Informal Settlements
- Chapter 2: Digital Transformation and Implications for the Informal Sector of Ghana
- Chapter 3: How Do the Socio-economic Characteristics of Migrant Workers Shape Their Financial Behaviour?
- Chapter 4: Mapping the Invisible Pathways: A Bibliometric Study on Informal Lending in the Informal Economy
- Chapter 5: Industry 4.0, AI and Textile Sector in India
- Chapter 6: Persisting Industrial Concentration and Signs of Industrial Dispersion: Evidence from Formal and Informal Manufacturing Sector
- Chapter 7: Foreign Capital Inflow, Product Market Imperfection, and the Informal Sector: A General Equilibrium Analysis
- Interventions
- Chapter 8: Food Security in the Informal Sector: Interventions and Challenges for the SDGs
- Chapter 9: The Role of Self-help Groups in Financial Inclusion in India
- Chapter 10: Waste Management Practices in the Informal Settlement: Functionality of Local Assemblies
- Chapter 11: Inclusivity and Climate Action: City and Informal Waste Actors Collaboration in Accra
- Chapter 12: Strengthening Sustainable Rural Development Through Entrepreneurship: An Indian Perspective
- Challenges
- Chapter 13: Flexibility, Vulnerability, and Inclusiveness in the Gig Economy: A Review of India's Experience in the Context of Informalisation
- Chapter 14: Reconnoitring Vulnerabilities of Migrant Women Workers in the Urban Informal Labour Market
- Chapter 15: Informal Employment, Gender Patterns and Policies in MENA Countries
- Chapter 16: Employment Status of Women in the Power Loom Sector: A Case Study of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
- Chapter 17: Identifying Wage Inequality in Indian Urban Informal Labour Market: A Gender Perspective
- Chapter 18: Gender Disparity in the Informal Sector Employment in India
- Chapter 19: Challenges of Women Workers in the Solid Waste Management Sector of Kerala: On the Path to Formalization
- Index