Index

Informal Economy and Sustainable Development Goals: Ideas, Interventions and Challenges

ISBN: 978-1-83753-981-9, eISBN: 978-1-83753-980-2

Publication date: 7 October 2024

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2024), "Index", Vinodan, A., Mahalakshmi, S. and Rameshkumar, S. (Ed.) Informal Economy and Sustainable Development Goals: Ideas, Interventions and Challenges, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 399-414. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83753-980-220241021

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2024 A. Vinodan, S. Mahalakshmi, and S. Rameshkumar


INDEX

Aadhar Card for Indian Nationals
, 182

Accra, emergence, growth, and work of informal waste sector in
, 229–230

Active labour market policies (ALMPs)
, 309

Adult men
, 303

Africa, overview of waste management approaches in
, 210–218

African Charter on the Values and Principles of Decentralisation, The
, 206

Age
, 54–55

Agriculture
, 30–31

implication of digitalization in agricultural sector of Ghana
, 38–40

sector
, 361

Agro-processing business in rural areas
, 31

Agro-processing sector
, 31

AMA
, 229

American Research and Development (ARD)
, 89

Apprenticeship
, 33

Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 81, 258

Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan
, 175

Augmented Mincerian earning equation
, 336

Average informal employment
, 299

Banking Regulation Act
, 185

Beedi and Cigar Workers Act (1966)
, 99, 111

Betweenness centrality
, 69

Bibliometric research design
, 67

Bibliometric study

limitations and prospects for future research
, 76–77

research methodology
, 67–68

results
, 68–69

thematic analysis
, 69

thematic map interpretation
, 72–75

thematic slice 1 analysis
, 69–71

thematic slice 2 analysis
, 71–72

Block
, 246

Boost Ghana
, 44–45

Budget equation
, 129

Bureaucratic procedures, minimising
, 21

Capability domain
, 88

Capability evolution process
, 12

Capability substitution
, 12

Central governance structure
, 206

Circular economy
, 373–374

City authorities understand necessity
, 230–231

City stakeholders
, 228

Civil Service Week Awards Ceremony (2022)
, 29

Clean Kerala Company Limited
, 376

Climate action

challenges of collaborating and supporting informal waste sector
, 231–232

collaborating with IWAs to address climate change issues
, 231

concept of
, 225–226

demographic characteristics of respondents
, 229

emergence, growth, and work of informal waste sector in Accra
, 229–230

findings
, 229

formal waste and informal waste management
, 226–227

implications
, 232–234

informal waste sector
, 227

literature review
, 225

methodology
, 228

recognizing informal waste sector
, 230–231

Climate change
, 224

collaborating with IWAs to address
, 231

engine for combating
, 227

Closeness centrality
, 69

Clothing industry
, 316

Cluster Development Initiative (CDI)
, 92

Co-operative Society Act (1904)
, 182

Coercive techniques
, 276

Colonial rule
, 85

Commodity market

foreign capital inflow and variation in commodity market imperfection
, 131–134

limiting cases and role of imperfection in
, 140–141

Commodity prices
, 127

Community, vision for
, 20

Community project management
, 9–10

Community services management, health and safety in
, 22

Community–based facilities management (CbFM)
, 4

Composting
, 374

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
, 189, 193

Construction workers
, 33, 274

Coordinated Programme for Economic and Social Development
, 34

Corporations
, 39–40

Counterfactual decomposition results
, 350

Cournot-Nash fashion
, 130

COVID–19
, 157

and food security
, 158–160

pandemic
, 173–174

Cramer’s rule
, 145, 149–150

Cultures
, 89

Current Weekly Status (CWS)
, 361

Data cleaning process
, 161

Data collection
, 161

Decentralization process
, 206, 212

Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission
, 246

Demand functions derivation
, 148

Demonetization policy
, 194, 196

Descriptive statistics
, 163, 165–168

Differentiated product
, 134

Digital divide
, 36

Digital economy
, 261

Digital farming
, 38

Digital labour platforms
, 258, 262

Digital platforms
, 39

business model
, 43

Digital solutions
, 29

Digital transformation

contemporary observations of digitalization initiatives
, 37–38

digitalization policy for informal sector of Ghana
, 35–37

history of Ghana’s digitalization journey
, 33–35

implication of digitalization in agricultural sector of Ghana
, 38–40

implication of digitalization in microcredit services
, 40–43

implication of digitalization in retail sector of Ghana
, 44–45

informal sector
, 29–30

methodology
, 37

overview of informal sector of Ghana
, 30–33

Digitalization
, 28–29, 44–45

contemporary observations of
, 37–38

implication of digitalization in agricultural sector of Ghana
, 38–40

in microcredit services
, 40–43

policy for informal sector of Ghana
, 35–37

in retail sector of Ghana
, 44–45

of transportation
, 43

Digitization
, 28, 258

Directorate General of Training (DGT)
, 247

Directory manufacturing establishment (DMEs)
, 111

Dirty, dangerous, and demanding (3-D jobs)
, 52

Disabilities, participation of women and persons with
, 262–263

Disaster management guidelines
, 22

Discrimination
, 283

Domestic activities
, 325

Domestic workers
, 274

Dualism
, 296

Dyeing process
, 93

Dynamic analysis
, 302

Dynamic capabilities and role of universities
, 89–91

E-agriculture initiative
, 38

E-commerce
, 45

platforms
, 44

E-farm information
, 38

E-Government Development Index
, 35

Eco-entrepreneurship
, 252

Economic development of rural areas
, 238

Economic hardship
, 157

Economic Research Forum (ERF)
, 300

Ecosystem research
, 80

Ecosystem theory
, 88

dynamic capabilities and role of universities
, 89–91

Education
, 55, 165

Egypt
, 302–303

Ellison–Glaeser index (EG index)
, 100

Empirical analysis
, 56

Employment

dummies
, 346

in informal sector
, 363

status and sector wise labour force participation rate
, 361–363

status of women in power looms
, 321–322

Empowerment
, 384

Energy systems enterprises
, 6–7

Entrepreneurial abilities of rural population, government initiatives for enhancing
, 246–248

Entrepreneurial skills
, 250

Entrepreneurship in context of India, encouraging rural development through
, 248–251

Environment service delivery
, 10

Environmental Assessment Regulations
, 212

Environmental enterprises
, 5

Environmental entrepreneurship in informal settlements, role and forms of
, 5–7

energy systems enterprises
, 6–7

green spaces and infrastructure
, 6

recycling
, 7

waste and sanitation services
, 6

Environmental Protection Agency
, 212

Environmental sustainability
, 224

Equations of change
, 145–147

European Charter of Local Self-Government
, 206

Executive function
, 209

Expanded Public Works scheme
, 21

Extended producer responsibility
, 375

Extension with product differentiating industry
, 134–140

Factories Act (1948)
, 83, 99

Family income
, 55–56

Farming
, 322, 324, 327

Female entrepreneurship
, 242

Female migrants
, 289

workers in India
, 273

Female migration
, 272

causes of
, 284–286

Finance
, 22

Financial behaviour
, 53–54, 56

age
, 54–55

classification of
, 59

descriptive statistics
, 58

education
, 55

empirical analysis
, 56

family income
, 55–56

family type
, 55

gender
, 54

implications and scope for future research
, 61

literature review
, 53

marital status
, 55

measure
, 56

methodology
, 56

population, sampling, and data collection
, 56–58

regression results
, 59–61

results
, 58

socio-economic characteristics and
, 54

Financial capabilities
, 53

Financial circumstances
, 53

Financial constraint
, 219

Financial education
, 62

Financial inclusion
, 76, 181–182, 190

relationship between financial inclusion and human development
, 196–197

Financial literacy
, 52, 55, 62

Financial system
, 75

Fish processing, activities involving
, 31

Fishing, activities involving
, 31

Flexibility in gig economy
, 260

Food consumption score
, 168–169

predictors of FSC
, 169–172

regression analysis of factors determining FCS at household level
, 170–172

Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing means scores
, 168

Food security in informal sector

COVID-19 and
, 158–160

COVID-19 and economic hardship
, 157

descriptive statistics
, 165–168

descriptive statistics of participants
, 166–167

food consumption score
, 168–169

limitations and future scope
, 175

measures
, 162

methods
, 160

outcome measure
, 162

participants and procedures
, 160–161

policy implications
, 174–175

predictor variables
, 162–163

predictors of FSC
, 169

results
, 165

statistical analyses
, 163–165

survey design
, 162

Foreign capital inflow and variation in commodity market imperfection
, 131–134

Formal employment
, 306

Formal manufacturing sector in India
, 101

(see also Informal manufacturing sector in India)
industrial agglomeration pattern of formal sector
, 101–106

top five states in terms of employment share
, 107–110

Formal vocational training
, 244

Formal waste management
, 226–227

Formalization
, 311

of informal settlements through title deeds
, 21

policies
, 296, 309–310

process of informal SWM sector in India
, 374–375

root causes of formalisation drive
, 308–310

of SWM in Kerala
, 375–377

Four-quadrant graph
, 76

Frontier technologies
, 81

Fuzzy Set
, 298–299

Gender
, 296, 301, 303–306, 359

diversity
, 242

gap
, 358, 361, 363–364

gender-based wage discrimination in india
, 334

gender-responsive learning systems
, 250

inequality
, 339

mean wage differential by gender groups in urban informal sector
, 340–341

Gender disparity
, 372

analysis
, 360

category, status and sector wise informal employment and payment
, 363–368

concepts
, 360

data and methods
, 360

employment category, status and sector wise labour force participation rate
, 361–363

employment in informal sector
, 363

labour force participation rate in India
, 360

review of literature
, 358–360

General (GEN)
, 278

General equilibrium (GE)
, 127

extension with product differentiating industry
, 134–140

foreign capital inflow and variation in commodity market imperfection
, 131–134

limiting cases and role of imperfection in commodity market
, 140–141

literature
, 127

literature, and motivation 126–128

model
, 128

German Agency for Technical Cooperation
, 212

German dual system of apprenticeship
, 241

Ghana

digital technology ecosystem
, 34

digitalization policy for informal sector of
, 35–37

history of Ghana’s digitalization journey
, 33–35

implication of digitalization in agricultural sector of
, 38–40

implication of digitalization in retail sector of
, 44–45

legislative frameworks for waste management in
, 213–214

Ghana Card
, 37

Ghana Digital Financial Services
, 37

Ghana Investment Fund for Electronic Communications (GIFEC)
, 35–36

Ghana National Poverty Reduction Strategy II (2006–2009)
, 226

Ghana National Urban Policy (2012)
, 226

Ghana Post GPS
, 35

Ghana Postal and Telecommunication Services
, 34

Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy
, 34

Ghana. Gov platform
, 35

Ghanaian context
, 211–213

Gig economy
, 258, 265

convergence between gig economy and informalisation
, 264–265

emergence of
, 258

flexibility vs. vulnerability in
, 260

health issues
, 261–262

inclusive gig economy
, 262

and informality
, 263

methodology
, 258

nature of vulnerability in gig economy
, 261

occupational safety
, 261

participation of persons with disabilities and from marginalised groups
, 263

participation of women and persons with disabilities
, 262–263

policy recommendations
, 265–266

social vulnerabilities
, 262

transformation of work and worker in gig economy
, 259–262

Gig work
, 258, 259–260, 262

Gig workers
, 265

Globalization
, 276

Government of India (GoI)
, 175, 239

Governmental agencies
, 22

Governmental decentralization
, 206

Governments
, 240

initiatives for enhancing entrepreneurial abilities of rural population
, 246–248

policy interventions by
, 91–93

support
, 162, 169, 173, 175

Green spaces and infrastructure
, 6

Green task force workers
, 385

Greenhouse gas (GHG)
, 224

Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 81, 157, 194

Handloom

brief history of
, 85–86

history of innovation in
, 87–88

innovate
, 93

inventions and innovation
, 93–94

issues in
, 91

policy interventions by government
, 91–93

profile of textile sector and
, 85–86

weaving industry
, 82, 86, 93

Happy Heuristics
, 298–299

Haritha Karma Sena
, 376

Haritha Keralam Mission (Green Kerala Mission)
, 376

Havanna Entrepreneur technique of social enterprises
, 7

Health concerns, lack of
, 387

Health in community services management
, 22

Healthcare facilities
, 374

Heckman regression equations
, 342

Heredity learning
, 244

Human behaviour
, 54

Human capital theory
, 347

Human development, relationship between financial inclusion and
, 196–197

Human development index (HDI)
, 190

Human security approach
, 163

ICT for Accelerated Development (ICT4AD)
, 34, 36

ILOSTAT
, 296

Imperfect competition under product homogeneity model
, 145–147

Imperfect competition with product-differentiating industry model
, 148–152

Inclusive community participation
, 21–22

Inclusivity

challenges of collaborating and supporting informal waste sector
, 231–232

collaborating with IWAs to address climate change issues
, 231

concept of informality
, 225–226

demographic characteristics of respondents
, 229

emergence, growth, and work of informal waste sector in Accra
, 229–230

findings
, 229

formal waste and informal waste management
, 226–227

implications
, 232–234

informal waste sector
, 227

literature review
, 225

methodology
, 228

recognizing informal waste sector
, 230–231

Income vulnerabilities for migrants and non-migrants, determinants of
, 286–288

Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA)
, 308

Independent variables
, 162

India
, 183–185, 316

encouraging rural development through entrepreneurship in context of
, 248–251

female labour force participation in
, 358

formal manufacturing sector in
, 99–110

labour force participation rate in
, 360

SHGs in
, 187

textile industry
, 317

unorganized sector in
, 82–85

Indian banking system
, 185

Indian context
, 89–90

Indian Experience
, 263–265

Indian Institute of Public Administration, The
, 246

Indian textile sector
, 82

Industrial agglomeration
, 100

Industrial dispersion

formal manufacturing sector in India
, 99–110

informal manufacturing sector in India
, 110–123

Industrial ecosystem framework
, 88

Industrial revolutions

brief history of
, 85

profile of textile sector and handloom
, 85–86

Industrial Training Institutes (ITI)
, 247

Industry 4.0
, 85

Informal activities
, 110

Informal actors
, 233–234

Informal communities
, 210

Informal economy
, 29, 66, 258, 264–265, 296

workers
, 157

Informal employees
, 335, 350

Informal employment
, 300, 364

in MENA countries
, 299–302

and payment, category, status and sector wise
, 363–368

Informal lending
, 66–69, 74–75

Informal manufacturing sector in India, 110–123 (see also Formal manufacturing sector in India)

industrial agglomeration pattern of informal sector
, 114–119

informal sector employment share of top five states
, 120–123

statewise rural–urban distribution of enterprises
, 112–113

Informal sectors
, 66–67, 69–70, 73, 75, 126, 264, 276, 372–373

digitalization policy for informal sector of Ghana
, 35–37

employment in
, 336, 363

formalization process of informal SWM sector in India
, 374–375

of Ghana
, 30

rural informal economy
, 31–32

urban informal economy
, 32–33

Informal settlements
, 4, 204–205

aspects of sustainable community-based facilities management
, 8–11

building trust
, 22

challenges of waste management in
, 215–218

conceptual and application challenges
, 14–18

conceptual framework for management of services in
, 12–14

contextual issues in communities
, 22

disaster management guidelines
, 22

finance
, 22

formalisation of informal settlements through title deeds
, 21

functions of local assemblies
, 208–210

health and safety in community services management
, 22

identification of training capabilities
, 20–21

inclusive community participation
, 21–22

indicators
, 23

integrated management platform
, 20

management of services in
, 7

minimising bureaucratic procedures
, 21

overview of waste management approaches in Africa
, 210–218

public sector relevance
, 20

recommendations
, 218–219

recommendations for management of
, 19

right policies in place
, 19–20

role and forms of environmental entrepreneurship in
, 5–7

in South Africa
, 11–12

structure of local assemblies
, 206–208

sustainable community-based facilities management
, 7–8

vision for community
, 20

waste management
, 204, 214–215

Informal waste management
, 226–227

Informal waste sector
, 227

in Accra, emergence, growth, and work of
, 229–230

challenges of collaborating and supporting
, 231–232

recognizing
, 230–231

Informal waste workers
, 373

Informal workers
, 359

Informal workforce
, 182

Informal–economy households
, 161–162, 164, 169

Informalisation

convergence between gig economy and
, 264–265

of employment
, 358

root causes of informalisation drive
, 308–310

Informality
, 224, 264, 296, 300, 303–304, 359

concept of
, 225–226

definitions and theories of
, 298–299

drivers of
, 305–307

gig economy and
, 263–265

sources and coverage of informality in MENA countries
, 300–302

Information, Communication, and Technology (ICT)
, 34

Innovation
, 91

handloom-weaving industry
, 93–94

Innovative formalisation approaches
, 311

Institutional mechanisms
, 92

Institutionalist approach
, 299

Institutions
, 9

Integrated Child Development Services
, 175

Integrated management platform
, 20

Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act (1979)
, 289

Internal migrants
, 273

International Facility Management Expert Centre (IFMEC)
, 8

International Labour Office (ILO)
, 30, 296

International Labour Organization (ILO)
, 126, 310

Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology
, 81

Jacquard looms
, 86

Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS)
, 241, 246

Job creation
, 300

Joint liability groups (JLGs)
, 184

Kozhikode Municipal Corporation
, 377

Kudumbasree mission
, 376

Labour force participation rates (LFPRs)
, 242

employment category, status and sector wise
, 361–363

in India
, 360

Labour Force Participation Survey (2017–2018)
, 111

Labour force surveys (LFS)
, 296

Labour formalization process
, 141

Labour markets
, 297–298, 334

indicators by age and area as per usual status
, 243

scenario
, 242–245

segmentation
, 298

Labour supply behaviour
, 304

Lagrangian function
, 148

Legislations
, 19, 374

Legislative frameworks for waste management in Ghana
, 213–214

Liberalization
, 126

Local assemblies

functions of
, 208–210

structure of
, 206–208

Local Governance Act (2016)
, 206, 213

Local Government Act, The (1993)
, 206, 208

Local Government Act (1993)
, 213

Local governments
, 234

Localization
, 252

Log linear model
, 193

Log linear regression models
, 192

Logistic regressions
, 296

Low wages
, 385–386

Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education
, 250

Manufacturing sector
, 33

Marginalised groups, participation of persons with disabilities and from
, 263

Marital status
, 55

Material collection facilities (MCF)
, 376, 388

Max–min method of normalization
, 190

Mean wage differential by gender groups in urban informal sector
, 340–341

Metropolitan assemblies
, 219

Micro and small enterprises (MSEs)
, 300

Microcredit
, 183, 309

Microcredit services, implication of digitalization in
, 40–43

Microfinance
, 184

history of microfinance with different forms of operation
, 184–185

Microfinance institutions (MFIs)
, 182, 310–311

Microlending
, 183

Microloan
, 183

Mid-Day Meal Scheme
, 175

Middle East and North African countries (MENA countries)
, 296

definitions and theories of informality
, 298–299

drivers of informality
, 305–307

Egypt
, 302–303

Jordan
, 303–304

literature review
, 297

methodology
, 299

persistent informality and declining occupational mobility
, 302

region
, 296

results
, 302

robustness checks
, 307–308

root causes of informalisation and formalisation drive
, 308–310

sources and coverage of informality in MENA countries
, 300–302

stylised facts at aggregate level
, 299–300

transitions from school to work
, 297–298

Tunisia
, 305

Migrant workers
, 52, 61, 286

access to social security benefits
, 282–284

background of migrant workers prior to migration
, 280–281

paradoxical question of
, 281

pre-work status of migrants and non-migrants
, 280

waiting period for job
, 281

Migrants

determinants of income vulnerabilities for
, 286–288

socio-economic and demographic characteristics of
, 293–294

throng exploitative informal sector
, 275–277

Migration
, 52

background of migrant workers prior to
, 280–281

Millennium Development Goals, The (MDG)
, 11

Ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs)
, 206

Ministry of Local Government, Decentralization, and Rural Development (MLGDRD)
, 212

Ministry of Local Government and Rural Affairs
, 212

Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)
, 239

Ministry of Textile (MoT)
, 91, 317

Mobile Money Interoperability Payment System
, 29

Mobile money services
, 37

MTN Mobile Money
, 37

Multinomial logistic models
, 307

Multinomial logistic regression
, 169

evidence from
, 305–307

model
, 164

Multinomial regression model
, 164

Multiple linear regression analysis (MLR analysis)
, 56

Multiple regression model
, 59

Multistage random sampling method
, 187

Multivariate linear regression model
, 287

Municipalities
, 21

National Action Plan for Climate Change of 2009
, 374

National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)
, 241

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
, 182

National Broadband Policy and Implementation Strategy
, 34

National broadband strategy
, 34

National Commission on Enterprises in the unorganized sector (NCEUS)
, 336, 358

National Education Policy (NEP)
, 250

National Environment Policy of 2006
, 374

National Financial Literacy and Inclusion Survey 2019 (NCFE-FLIS)
, 53

National Food Security Act
, 173, 175

National government
, 234

National Identification System
, 29

National Industrial Classification codes, The
, 336

National Institute of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development, The (NIESBUD)
, 247, 250

National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)
, 92, 94

National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj
, 250

National Local Economic Development Policy (2014)
, 226

National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
, 242

National Rural Financial Inclusion Plan (NRFIP)
, 182

National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
, 359

National Skill Development Corporation, The
, 247

National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI)
, 182

Necessity, city authorities understand
, 230–231

New Urban Agenda, The
, 224

Non-directory manufacturing establishments (NDMEs)
, 111

Non-formal vocational training
, 244

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
, 183

Non-migrant workers, socio-economic and demographic characteristics of
, 293–294

Non-migrants, determinants of income vulnerabilities for
, 286–288

Nuclear family setting
, 55

Number of meals
, 164

Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition (OB decomposition)
, 335

results
, 347–350

Occupational mobility
, 296, 302, 311

persistent informality and declining
, 302

Occupational safety
, 261

Open burning
, 227

Open dumps
, 212

Operation clean your frontage (OCYF)
, 203, 213

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 206

Other backward caste (OBC)
, 278

Own Account Enterprises (OAEs)
, 83–84

Own account manufacturing enterprises (OAMEs)
, 111

Pandemic
, 157

Parliamentary Monitoring Group (PMG)
, 11

Partial structural equation modeling
, 164

Pay user fee, refusal to
, 381

People

major activities of
, 322–324

time allocation of
, 324–327

Per capita net state domestic product (PNSDP)
, 187

Periodical Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
, 243, 335

Persistent informality and declining occupational mobility
, 302

Persons with disabilities, participation of women and
, 262–263

Persons with disabilities and from marginalised groups, participation of
, 263

Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016
, 374

Platform economy
, 258

Policy interventions by government
, 91–93

Political security
, 173

Politicians
, 9

Poor waste management practices
, 214

Power loom sector

data sources and methodology
, 318–320

demographic characteristics
, 320–321

employment status of women in power looms
, 321–322

major activities of people
, 322–324

objectives of study
, 317

policy implications
, 328–329

research questions
, 317

results
, 327–328

review of literature
, 317–318

significance of study
, 316–317

time allocation of people
, 324–327

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
, 182

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKY)
, 241

Pradhan MantriGaribKalyan Anna Yojana
, 175

Precision farming
, 39

Predictor variables
, 162–163

Preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta analysis model (PRISMA model)
, 67–68

Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)
, 247

Private sector initiative (PSI)
, 212

Product differentiating industry, extension with
, 134–140

Public distribution system (PDS)
, 173

Public procurement process
, 247

Public sector relevance
, 20

Public services
, 4–5, 7, 12

Public Services International Research Unit, The
, 204

Qualitative analysis
, 67

Qualitative approach
, 228

Qualitative content analysis
, 37

Quality education
, 240, 252

Random sampling techniques
, 161

Recycling
, 7, 374

Regional co-coordinating councils
, 207

Regional concentration of economic activity
, 98

Regional Coordinating Council (RCC)
, 207

Regional Directorates of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (RDESE)
, 247

Regression models, statics of variables used in
, 354–355

Reservation Act (1985)
, 91

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
, 182

Resource constraints and gaps in implementation
, 387–388

Right policies in place
, 19–20

Right-hand side of equation (RHS of equation)
, 130

Robotics technology
, 258

Robustness checks
, 307–308

Rural area of Benipur
, 317–318

Rural cooperatives (RCs)
, 184–185

Rural development

through entrepreneurship in context of India
, 248–251

process
, 186

Rural entrepreneur
, 238–239

Rural entrepreneurship
, 238, 240–242, 246, 248, 251

Rural informal economy
, 31–32

Rural Infrastructure Development Fund
, 182

Rural population, government initiatives for enhancing entrepreneurial abilities of
, 246–248

Rural Self Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs)
, 246

Rural–urban migration
, 30, 283

Safety in community services management
, 22

Sahwa youth survey (2016)
, 301

Sanitation
, 374

Sanitation services
, 6

Sankey diagram
, 68

Scheduled castes (SCs)
, 274, 278

School to work, transitions from
, 297–298

School-to-work transition survey (SWTS)
, 297

Security benefits, migrant workers access to social
, 282–284

Self–help groups (SHG)
, 182–184, 186

data and methods used in study
, 188–190

estimates of log linear regression models for four indicators at India Level
, 191–192

history of microfinance with different forms of operation
, 184–185

implications of study results
, 194–196

literature review and significance of present study
, 185–188

objectives of study
, 188

relationship between financial inclusion and human development
, 196–197

results
, 190

Service sector
, 33

Service systems
, 14

Shephard’s lemma
, 130

Short message service (SMS)
, 39

Skill development
, 239, 246

programs
, 247

Skill India Digital
, 247

Slums
, 205

Snowball sampling method
, 57, 161

Social and sustainable institutions (SSEs)
, 310

Social capital theory
, 12

Social enterprises
, 5, 7

Social security benefits, paradoxical question of migrant workers’ workplace vulnerabilities and access to
, 281

Social vulnerabilities
, 262

Societal perception towards labourers
, 378

derogatory labels to address workers
, 383

irresponsibility in waste segregation
, 381–382

positive changes in societal perception with professional outlook
, 384

refusal to pay user fee
, 381

teasing workers’ children
, 383–384

unfriendly responses
, 382–383

Socio-technical systems
, 8

Solid waste management (SWM)
, 373

formalization of SWM in Kerala
, 375–377

formalization process of informal SWM sector in India
, 374–375

formalizing
, 373–374

methods
, 377–378

results
, 378–388

societal perception towards labourers
, 378–384

state response to task force
, 384–388

Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016
, 374

South Africa, informal settlements in
, 11–12

Stakeholders
, 311

Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP)
, 241

State response to task force
, 384

lack of health concerns
, 387

lack of work equipment
, 386–387

low and unstable wages
, 385–386

resource constraints and gaps in implementation
, 387–388

Statistical analyses
, 163–165

Statistical Package for Social Sciences software program
, 163

StreeJagrutiSamiti (community-based organization)
, 161

Stress
, 281

extent/nature of stress and payment for overtime work at workplace
, 282

Suchitwa Mission (Hygiene Mission)
, 376

Survey design
, 162

Sustainability concerns
, 5

Sustainable community-based facilities management
, 7–8

aspects of
, 8

community project management
, 9–10

disaster management
, 10

environment service delivery
, 10

finance
, 10

governance
, 9

maintenance
, 9

service delivery performance
, 10

well-being and community safety
, 10

Sustainable development
, 8, 127, 184, 240

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
, 28, 52, 82, 156, 202, 224, 373–374

Sustainable facilities management
, 8

Sustainable rural development through entrepreneurship

encouraging rural development through entrepreneurship in context of India
, 248–251

government initiatives for enhancing entrepreneurial abilities of rural population
, 246–248

labour market scenario
, 242–245

major objectives
, 239

methodology
, 239

need to promote rural entrepreneurship
, 241–242

policy implications
, 251

review of literature
, 240–241

Swabhiman
, 182

Tax Identification Numbers
, 29

Technology adoption
, 80

Textiles
, 316

industry
, 82

profile of textile sector and handloom
, 85–86

sector of India
, 80

Thematic analysis
, 69

Thematic map interpretation
, 72–75

Thematic Slice 1 analysis
, 69–71

Thematic Slice 2 analysis
, 71–72

“Tokenistic” approach
, 219

Trade theory
, 127

Trade-balance condition
, 130

Training
, 21

Transition matrix
, 303

Tree map analysis
, 68

Tree map analysis
, 75

Triple helix
, 89

Trotro Tractor Limited (TTL)
, 43

Trust
, 22

Tunisia
, 305

Unemployment
, 306

Unemployment rate (UR)
, 242

Unit committees
, 207

United Nations (UN)
, 196

UN-Habitat indicator
, 218

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (2012)
, 28

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
, 190, 202–203

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
, 5, 204, 217

United Nations Human Security framework
, 161

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
, 204

United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS)
, 162–163

United Nations waste management
, 210

Universities, dynamic capabilities and role of
, 89–91

University of Buffalo Global Health Equity
, 12

Unorganized manufacturing
, 80, 83–84

Unorganized sector
, 84

in India
, 82–85

Unstable wages
, 385–386

Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD)
, 38

Urban informal economy
, 32–33

Urban informal labour market

background of migrant workers prior to migration
, 280–281

causes of female migration
, 284–286

data and methodology
, 274–275

determinants of income vulnerabilities for migrants and non-migrants
, 286–288

migrant workers’ access to social security benefits
, 282–284

migrants throng exploitative informal sector
, 275–277

paradoxical question of migrant workers’ workplace vulnerabilities and access to social security benefits
, 281

policy implications
, 289

review of literature
, 273–274

saving pattern
, 284

social security benefits
, 284

socio-demographic background
, 278–280

stress
, 281

working overtime
, 282

Urban informal sector
, 272

in Ghana
, 32

mean wage differential by gender groups in
, 340–341

Urban local bodies (ULBs)
, 375

Usual principal and subsidiary status (UPSS)
, 336

Utility function
, 129

V.V. Giri National Labour Institute (VVGNLI)
, 250

Value
, 190

Varanasi
, 316

Vision 2020
, 34

Vodafone Cash
, 37

Vulnerabilities
, 272

of female migrants
, 286

in gig economy
, 260–261

Wage decomposition results of casual labour
, 350

Wage differential in labour markets
, 334

Wage inequality in Indian urban informal labour

data and methodology
, 335

determinants of wages of male and female workers
, 341–347

empirical methods
, 336–337

mean wage differential by gender groups in urban informal sector
, 340–341

OB decomposition results
, 347–350

policy suggestion
, 350–351

results
, 337

sources of data
, 335–336

workforce participation and gender
, 337–340

Wages
, 359–360

Waste
, 204

irresponsibility in waste segregation
, 381–382

recycling
, 5

waste-to-energy technologies
, 374

worker
, 373–374

Waste and sanitation services
, 6

Waste collectors
, 230

Waste generation
, 374

Waste management
, 204, 224–226, 228, 231–232, 373

Africa Perspective
, 210

approaches in Africa
, 210–218

challenges of waste management in informal settlements
, 215–218

constrains of waste management in informal settlements
, 216

functions
, 212

Ghanaian context
, 211–213

legislative frameworks for waste management in Ghana
, 213–214

practices
, 202

waste management in informal settlements
, 214–215

Waste Management Department (WMD)
, 207

Waste picker
, 373–374

organizations
, 373

Water Resources Commission Act (1996)
, 213

Welfare function
, 131

West African Agriculture Productivity Programme
, 38

Wilcoxon signed rank test
, 168

Wilcoxon test
, 164

Women
, 183

employment status of women in power looms
, 321–322

empowerment
, 183, 186

entrepreneur
, 187

participation of women and persons with disabilities
, 262–263

Women migrants
, 272

concentration of
, 274

Women’s entrepreneurship development programmes (WEDP)
, 247

Work

in gig economy, transformation of
, 259–262

lack of work equipment
, 386–387

transitions from school to
, 297–298

Worker in gig economy, transformation of
, 259–262

Workers’ employment outcomes
, 306

Workforce participation (WPR)
, 337

and gender
, 337–340

Working population ratio (WPR)
, 242

World Bank Institute
, 218

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
, 214

World Food Programme (WFP)
, 162

World Health Organization (WHO)
, 156, 214

Youth unemployment
, 300

Prelims
Ideas
Chapter 1: A Conceptual Framework for Managing Public Services Delivered by Environmental Enterprises in Informal Settlements
Chapter 2: Digital Transformation and Implications for the Informal Sector of Ghana
Chapter 3: How Do the Socio-economic Characteristics of Migrant Workers Shape Their Financial Behaviour?
Chapter 4: Mapping the Invisible Pathways: A Bibliometric Study on Informal Lending in the Informal Economy
Chapter 5: Industry 4.0, AI and Textile Sector in India
Chapter 6: Persisting Industrial Concentration and Signs of Industrial Dispersion: Evidence from Formal and Informal Manufacturing Sector
Chapter 7: Foreign Capital Inflow, Product Market Imperfection, and the Informal Sector: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Interventions
Chapter 8: Food Security in the Informal Sector: Interventions and Challenges for the SDGs
Chapter 9: The Role of Self-help Groups in Financial Inclusion in India
Chapter 10: Waste Management Practices in the Informal Settlement: Functionality of Local Assemblies
Chapter 11: Inclusivity and Climate Action: City and Informal Waste Actors Collaboration in Accra
Chapter 12: Strengthening Sustainable Rural Development Through Entrepreneurship: An Indian Perspective
Challenges
Chapter 13: Flexibility, Vulnerability, and Inclusiveness in the Gig Economy: A Review of India's Experience in the Context of Informalisation
Chapter 14: Reconnoitring Vulnerabilities of Migrant Women Workers in the Urban Informal Labour Market
Chapter 15: Informal Employment, Gender Patterns and Policies in MENA Countries
Chapter 16: Employment Status of Women in the Power Loom Sector: A Case Study of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Chapter 17: Identifying Wage Inequality in Indian Urban Informal Labour Market: A Gender Perspective
Chapter 18: Gender Disparity in the Informal Sector Employment in India
Chapter 19: Challenges of Women Workers in the Solid Waste Management Sector of Kerala: On the Path to Formalization
Index