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During his meeting with his Kazakh counterpart Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in Astana, Putin called the two countries “not just allies, but very close allies”. A month earlier, Putin had…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB283709
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Global order and institutions have been undermined by the hostile assertiveness of the United States, China, Russia and Turkey; COVID-19 has strengthened the trend. This leaves…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB257392
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Energy ties, already deep, have expanded since 2022 as part of a broader reorientation of Russian commerce away from the West. The similarly authoritarian leadership styles of…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286445
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The Turkish leadership believes that a new US administration may stand back from its predecessor's criticisms of Turkey and be better placed to strike a deal with Russia and…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB214853
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The changing regional dynamic as Azerbaijan has gained control of Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia, a traditional Iranian ally, creates a dilemma for Tehran. Iran fears that Turkey…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB282304
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Iran perceives that it has become isolated in the South Caucasus, as a result of changing geopolitical relations over the past three years. Israel has increased its presence…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB279596
ISSN: 2633-304X
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The agreement covers the period to 2026, in which Washington will support Kurdish peshmerga forces with equipment and vehicles for Operation Inherent Resolve against the Islamic…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB273261
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Russia's significant recent reinforcement of the Assad regime with the deployment of combat aircraft around Lattakia.
In the past 12 months, Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have become dialogue partners of the SCO, while Iran has become a full member.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB281934
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
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Russian foreign policy in 2016.