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Energy ties, already deep, have expanded since 2022 as part of a broader reorientation of Russian commerce away from the West. The similarly authoritarian leadership styles of…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB286445
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Turkey has brokered an agreement between Russia and Ukraine for resuming grain shipments through the Black Sea which, if it sticks, will be a substantial diplomatic win for Ankara…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB271809
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Tensions have risen since Syrian government shelling killed seven Turkish soldiers and a civilian contractor in north-western Syria on February 3. Although President Recep Tayyip…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB250577
ISSN: 2633-304X
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SYRIA: Jihadists face difficult decisions in Idlib
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-ES253268
ISSN: 2633-304X
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LIBYA: Western omissions abet foreign meddling
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-ES249806
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Prospects for Russian foreign policy in 2019.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB239577
ISSN: 2633-304X
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This is mainly because of Erdogan's politicisation of the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) after the July 2016 failed coup. His fear of the generals, a power struggle within the TSK…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB253484
ISSN: 2633-304X
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State fragmentation in the Middle East.
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB209756
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Moscow stresses its commitment to a diplomatic solution in Libya while building local alliances, currently with mixed success: the eastern forces it backs have retreated from…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB253989
ISSN: 2633-304X
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From US contractors in Iraq and Russian mercenary groups in Syria, to Gulf states’ ‘foreign legions’ in Yemen and multiple Iranian proxy militias, national armies no longer…