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Three decades of academic and professional discourse on HR technologies (HRTs) have produced continued disagreement over construct definitions and research streams that are highly fragmented. These realities suggest that greater consistency in meanings is sorely needed if we are to integrate and upgrade knowledge in this area. This chapter draws on the findings of a systematic research review to properly define the content domains of human resource information systems (HRIS), virtual human resources (virtual HR), electronic human resource management (e-HRM), and business-to-employee (B2E) systems. An integrative synthesis was performed on 242 system-level writings that appeared in the literature from 1983 to 2017. The weight of the evidence strongly supports treating HRIS, virtual HR, e-HRM, and B2E systems as independent, complimentary constructs. While the first three comprise a firm’s HRT system, the fourth construct is more appropriately positioned in the business-collaborative system. The sample was further evaluated with an analytic framework to detect patterns of practice in research designs. This revealed that much more attention has been focused on system actions and outcomes than on attitudes and system characteristics. Different units of analysis were well represented aside from trans-organizational studies. Finally, a case is made for better contextualizing HRT research by recognizing differences in assimilation stage, functional penetration, and collective proficiency. These factors are rarely mentioned, let alone studied, raising additional concerns about measurement error. Detailed suggestions are offered on ways to incorporate them. Together, these materials should promote more sophisticated and generalizable assessments of technology, improving our ability to understand its impacts.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the digital innovations which are being introduced in the HRM field in organizations in the modern business services sector in Finland and Poland. It is also intended to identify the most important factors/trends that influence digital innovations and to identify the challenges they generate for HRM departments. The practical objective is to develop recommendations for organizations executives, policy makers and researchers.

The research was mainly based on a quantitative research approach and a questionnaire survey. Additionally, the authors conducted a semi-structured interview was with the representatives of the HRM departments in the surveyed organizations. The qualitative research of the obtained results allowed to deepen the obtained quantitative data. The purpose of the data triangulation used was to increase the reliability of the data.

Nearly 90% of HRM employees declared that the companies they work for have implemented digital innovations. Among the introduced digital innovations, chatbots, dashboards, application software systems, a virtual HRM assistant and digital tools were indicated. The COVID-19 pandemic and the progress of robotization and automation have accelerated the implementation of digital technologies in HR departments in both Poland and Finland. There are however differences between the two countries – it is evident that in Finland digital innovations were already introduced by modern businesses organizations before the pandemic period, while in Poland the innovations were mostly implemented during and after the pandemic period. It is worth emphasizing the differences regarding the two countries in terms of the level of technology advancement.

Similar to most studies conducted, this study has its limitations and the authors are aware of them. First, future research using the tool which was used in this study should focus on confirming its reliability. Secondly, its scope and scale were limited as it was not possible to obtain an industry-wide sample. It should be noted that the obtained results cannot be generalized to a broader context, although they provide valuable conclusions and recommendations and may be an inspiration for further research. For the future research, it is recommended that the researchers should pay more attention to the challenges and difficulties that accompany digital innovations in HRM departments. One of the aspects is the need to pay attention to the cultural and psychological aspects of the presence of technology in organizational areas, which have only been signaled in this article. A more in-depth study could address the issue of negative attitudes toward the introduction and use of digital technologies. The future research could focus on creating the necessary conditions at each stage of introducing digital innovations and using the potential of these tools – starting with needs analyses, awareness of goals, benefits, dealing with concerns and risks, communication and evaluation and assessment of the technology in question. For future research, it is recommended that researchers pay more attention to the challenges and difficulties that accompany digital innovations in HRM departments. One of the aspects is the need to be aware of the cultural and psychological aspects of the presence of technology in organizational areas, which has only been signaled in this article. A more in-depth study could address the issue of negative attitudes toward the introduction and use of digital technologies. The future research could focus on creating the necessary conditions at each stage of introducing digital innovations and using the potential of these tools – starting with needs analyses, awareness of goals, benefits, dealing with concerns and risks, communication and evaluation and assessment of the technology in question.

The study provides suggestions for practice, providing companies in Finland and Poland with the insight into the impact of the trends on the development of digital innovations in HRM departments and the challenges they generate. The contributions of this study are also the recommendations and guidelines for organizations to effectively implement digital technologies. This will allow not only to better adapt to the present situation, but also to more accurately predict future trends.

The research results can be useful for the development of HRM practices, as traditional practices are increasingly being replaced by new digital modes of leading and managing capital resources in organizations. This development is followed by the need for new competencies in HRM (Mazurchenko, Maršíková, 2019), a new understanding of leadership, thus digital tools may prove particularly supportive in this context (Salojärvi, 2018). Digital innovation research conducted in the modern business services industry can be particularly valuable in the context of the flow of technological innovations, including know-how, implementation of modern organizational solutions; which transfers to other industries (MORR, 2017). Digital innovations can contribute to reducing the complexity of HRM functions, which will accelerate management and personnel decisions. It will improve the quality of analytical data, as well as increase access to employees and opportunities in planning their personal development. As a result, the introduction of digital innovations will contribute to reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of HRM processes.

This study provides a new and timely perspective by examining applied digital innovations and related challenges affecting the implementation of digital innovations by HRM departments in the modern business services sector. This survey provides comprehensive information on how and what can enhance the capacity for digital innovation in Finnish and Polish organizations. This article theoretically analyzes the importance of technological development for HRM departments and reviews the previous research on digital technologies in HRM departments and the factors and challenges of introducing digital innovations. It also characterizes the modern business services sector, which is very active in introducing digital innovations.

Disruptive technologies for human resource management (HRM) lack evidence about synthesizing its antecedents and outcomes in the empirical research landscape. This review study was conducted addressing two objectives: (1) to identify the themes of HRM technology empirically researched and (2) to develop a conceptual framework for the antecedents and outcomes of disruptive technologies for HRM.

This article was positioned as a literature review based on the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology. Seventeen articles published between 2000 and 2020 were included for the review from Scopus and LENS.ORG databases. The article screening, inclusion and analysis and findings reporting were based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA).

In addressing the first objective, the review found that the electronic human resource management (E-HRM) intention and communication technology support impact E-HRM adoption, resulting in many outcomes. The outcomes include HRM service quality, organizational effectiveness, employee productivity and competitive advantage. In addressing the study's second objective, a conceptual framework was developed based on the gaps identified regarding the determinants and positive outcomes of disruptive technologies for HRM. Thus, the conceptual framework was presented from two perspectives. The perspectives were deduced with review results and theoretical grounds.

The findings related to the two objectives provide theoretical and practical implications. One significant practical implication is that action and work-based learning of managers and employees in organizations may suggest adopting disruptive technologies for HRM. Thus future studies can focus on them as determinants of adopting disruptive technologies for HRM to conduct empirical tests. Besides, the findings provide some other future research directions.

The study found empirically proven determinants of E-HRM intention and communication technology support impact E-HRM adoption, which results in many positive outcomes. These were synthesized based on the studies conducted during the period 2000–2020. This synthesis and theoretical grounding deduced a conceptual framework for determinants and outcomes of disruptive technologies for HRM.

The purpose of this article is to examine all the studies carried out within the scope of e-HRM and smart HRM, grouped according to the sub-functions of technical and HRM. The use of technology in HRM has started since the mid-1990s. However, this study focused on the articles published after 2014 in order to keep up to date. Any search strategy should allow for the completeness of the search to be evaluated. The terms “electronic-HRM”, “AI and HRM”, “Industry 4.0 and HRM”, “Society 5.0 and HRM”, “Human Resource Information Systems” and “Digital Technologies and HRM” “Human-robot interaction” has been questioned in IEEE Xplore, ALM digital library, Emerald Insight, SpringerLink, and Science Direct. The Web of Science and Scopus were also queried to double-check the findings and find other relevant articles in lesser-known libraries. Google Scholar was also used for forward and backward searches. These online databases have been chosen because they present the most important peer-reviewed full-text journals, conference proceedings, book chapters. Then, the references of each article were reviewed for additional articles on digital technologies and HRM. Each subsequent article is then reviewed for additional reference.

A total of 5,580 articles have been reviewed. Duplicate items have been removed. The titles and abstracts of 3,500 articles have been scanned to identify potential articles. The full-text evaluation of 2,554 was based on compliance with the inclusion criteria. In addition, 2,458 studies have been excluded. In total, 96 studies have been selected for data extraction. Additionally, questionnaires and reviews have been used to provide comprehensive research on e-HRM and smart HRM. The search terms used are expected to cover most, if not all, of the studies involving e-HRM and smart HRM.

The study carried out in this article is qualitative research. In the article, which methods are used and what has changed in e-HRM and smart HRM are examined. In particular, it has been thought about what can happen with the inclusion of human-machine interaction, AI, chatbots, industry 4.0 and information systems in HRM. Unlike previous studies, this review takes HRM from a broader perspective and groups it by topic, both by technical and HR functions. In addition, the reviewed articles provide brief information about the AI technologies used. In particular, criteria were taken into account according to the field, type and subject of the articles.

This study has the distinction of being the first in the literature in terms of examining all the studies carried out within the scope of e-HRM and smart HRM and grouped according to the sub-functions of technical and HRM in line with its purpose. The article focuses specifically on research published after 2014. It is expected to contribute to the literature in terms of collecting all studies in a single article. Other contributions of this article can be summarized in four main articles: 1) it presents a summary of previous research by grouping the studies on e-HRM and smart HRM according to the interests of researchers. 2) It saves time for the reader as it provides a brief explanation of the studies on the subject. 3) Instead of explaining in detail the general details analyzed in other articles, it offers a practical perspective by focusing on the type, subject and field of the article. 4) With the digitalization of HRM, new, up-to-date research and techniques are introduced.

The disruptive human resource management (HRM) technologies are now considered a significant facilitator to change and benefit the entire HRM landscape. This view needs to be further verified by reviewing the knowledge on the subject in the empirical research landscape. Thus, the study's objectives were to find (1) the current knowledge and (2) the areas where empirical research is lacking in disruptive HRM technologies.

The article is a literature review that was followed by the systematic literature review and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The review considered 45 articles published during the 2008–2021 period extracted from the Scopus database, and bibliometric analysis was performed to achieve the research objectives.

The results found that scholarly attention has been given to electronic HRM (E-HRM) rather than the disruptive HRM technologies. The areas investigated include the determinants of intention, adoptions and use of E-HRM and the outcomes of E-HRM adoptions and use. These outcomes can be further divided into general outcomes and HRM outcomes.

The findings reveal gaps in E-HRM research and disruptive HRM technologies remain untapped in the empirical research landscape. Hence, the study findings provide some implications for future research and applications.

The study found empirically proven determinants of E-HRM intention, adoptions and use and E-HRM adoptions and use outcomes. These were found in the studies conducted during the 2008–2021 period.

顛覆性人力資源管理技術被認為是一個可改變、並幫助整個人力資源管理格局的重要誘導者; 這個看法、需透過檢核在實證研究範疇裡就有關議題的資料、才能作進一步的核實。因此，本研究擬了解 (1): 我們目前對有關議題的認知，以及 (2): 就顛覆性人力資源管理所進行的實證研究有哪些不足之處。

本文是一個文獻探討。研究人員採用系統文獻綜述研究法，以及系統綜述和 meta分析的首選報告項目。研究涵蓋45篇於2008年至2021年期間發表的學術文章; 這些文章均取自 Scopus資料庫。研究人員進行文獻計量分析，以達到研究的目標。

研究結果顯示、被研究探索的是電子化人力資源管理 (E-HRM) ，而不是顛覆性人力資源管理技術。被研究的範疇包括使用電子化人力資源管理的決定因素，以及使用後的結果。使用後的結果再細分為一般性的結果、和與人力資源管理有關的結果。

研究結果顯示、在實證研究的範疇裡，電子化人力資源管理和顛覆性人力資源管理技術的研究均存在未被探索的研究缺口。因此，研究結果為今後的研究和有關的應用提供了啟示。

本研究發現並確認經實證證明的使用電子化人力資源管理的決定因素，以及使用後的結果。研究結果乃基於檢核於2008年至2021年期間進行的學術研究而得來的。

顛覆性人力資源管理技術、系統文獻綜述、系統綜述和meta分析的首選報告項目 (PRISMA)

There has been much research and many follow-up recommendations on how to introduce a new electronic human resource management (e-HRM) system to employees in order to avoid or minimize troubles during its implementation. However, implementation projects are known to be time consuming, indirect, and sometimes impulsive developments, leading to a mismatch between the initial ideas behind information technologies and the use in practice, the employees' perceptions and their experience. Paraphrasing Block, I put forward the following question: If I define successful e-HRM as one that is developed on-time and within budget, is reliable and easily maintained, and meets the specified requirements of HR professionals, line managers, and employees — how many organizations would acknowledge having successful e-HRM? (Block, R. (1983). The politics of project. New York: Yourdon Press). This chapter explores lessons from information technology (IT) studies that e-HRM researchers can learn and apply to better understand complex e-HRM implementation projects.

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is being extensively used to solve complex problems in the industry. AI provides several benefits such as providing visibility in the processes, reducing time, improving accuracy, saving time, helping in the decision-making process, etc. Due to the range of benefits of AI technologies, organisations readily adopt this technology. However, there are several challenges that the organisation faces during the implementation of AI. These challenges are in context to human resource (HR) development for successful implementation of AI across different functions and are discussed in this chapter.

Purpose: Although we know that AI technology is widely accepted in human resource management (HRM) due to its various benefits. But the organisations face many challenges during the implementation of AI. The focus of the study is to explore the literature on AI in HRM, identify the challenges of implementing AI and provide potential future research direction based on a systematic literature review.

Methodology: To explore the literature on AI in HRM, the study undertakes a systematic literature review. The study identifies, analyse and classifies the literature to provide a holistic view of HR challenges in implementing AI. The study is built on a review of 47 documents, including the articles, book chapters and conference papers using the Scopus database for the past 10 years (2012–27 January 2022).

Findings: The study provides an overview of the documents published in Scopus in this area through a systematic literature review. The study reveals that a significant amount of growth in the publication has been shown in the past 10 years. The maximum and continuous growth is shown after 2017. The maximum number of papers are published in India, the USA and China. The study identifies major eight challenges of AI implementation in HRM. The study also provides a secondary case to deep dive in this area based on a systematic literature review.

Research Limitation/Implication: The challenges identified in the study are not empirically tested. Each of the identified challenges should be empirically examined. This study has expanded the body of knowledge of AI in HRM. This study will help the academicians and practitioners work on the identified challenges and help the organisations ease in adopting AI.

Originality/Value: This study represents the first work that integrates AI implementation challenges in HRM.

The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of digitalized transformation in organizations’ human resource management (HRM). This study summarizes three basic factors driving the digital transformation process in China: level of perception, level of application and speed of transformation.

This study analyzes the strategic transformation process of HRM in Haier, Hisense and Chambroad to explore the human resource digital transformation mechanism in Chinese enterprises.

The results of this study show that three HR value chain models can be constructed based on how well HRM deals with business: the efficiency-oriented HRM value chain, quasi-business-oriented HRM value chain and business-oriented HRM value chain. The basic factors – level of perception, level of application and speed of transformation – are observed in the entire HRM digital transformation process.

This study provides theoretical and empirical insights for enterprises to explore the value of digital technology in HRM and facilitate the digital transformation of HRM.

This study aims to explore the relationship between IT and HRM in the context of manufacturing SMEs, more specifically the relationship between strategic HRM and e-HRM as well as the performance effects of this relationship. The conceptual framework is founded upon the resource-based view (RBV), specifically upon the strategic HRM and e-HRM capabilities of SMEs and upon the strategic alignment of these capabilities in the form of capability configurations or “gestalts.”

To answer the research questions, a questionnaire was constructed and mailed to 1854 manufacturing SMEs in the province of Quebec, Canada, producing 216 valid responses that were used for statistical analysis purposes. Capability configurations were identified through a cluster analysis of the e-HRM and strategic HRM capabilities developed by these firms.

Using structural equation modeling to validate the research model, a causal analysis confirmed a positive influence of the sampled SMEs’ strategic orientation upon their development of strategic HRM capabilities. More importantly, a higher level of alignment between the SMEs’ strategic HRM and e-HRM capabilities was associated to a higher level of strategic HRM performance.

To our knowledge, ours is the first study to show interest in the effect of the strategic alignment of HRM and IT capabilities upon HRM performance, by adopting a configurational perspective and considering organizational IT from a functional point of view. Given the specific context of SMEs, the focus was on e-HRM capabilities related to the IT infrastructure of these organizations and the IT competencies of individuals related to HRM.

This paper aims to examine how high involvement HRM (HIHRM), technology adaptation and innovativeness influence employees to respond to technology innovation performance – that is, radical innovation performance and incremental innovation performance – in distinct ways.

The purposive judgmental sample technique is used to assess the perceptions of 545 IT employees in Bangladesh's ready-made garment (RMG) industry. The partial least square-structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS) method is applied to analyze and interpret the data.

Findings of the analysis show that HIHRM, technology adaptation and innovativeness influence employees to exhibit technology innovation performance. Furthermore, both technology adaptation and innovativeness show the significant mediating effects between HIHRM and technology innovation performance.

First, this study’s findings contribute to HIHRM and technology innovation performance within the context of the resource-based theory. Second, the RMG organizations would acknowledge the role of HIHRM on employee technology adaptability and innovation capability in this regard. A future study might point to the models' ability to create the best work environments, which can help organizations to boost employee productivity through adaptation and innovation.

The study would offer a distinctive perspective on higher-order HIHRM and how they affect IT employees in RMG organizations in Bangladesh that could be approached in other labor-intensive and developing nations. This study also expands the research on technology adaptation and innovativeness by exploring the mediating roles between HIHRM and employee technology innovation performance in the organization.