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The authors examine the relationship between credit default swaps (CDS) initiation and managers’ earnings forecast choices with different corporate governance structures. The authors expect that corporate governance plays a significant role in managers’ disclosure behavior as well as CDS initiation. The findings suggest that CDS initiation and managers’ earnings forecast behavior are positively associated. Firms with a strong monitoring mechanism issue a higher number of earnings forecasts and also issue forecasts more frequently when there is a traded CDS contract in the market. Additionally, the results suggest that managers issue more accurate earnings forecasts. Overall, these findings imply that the role of managers is important to mitigate the information asymmetry between individual and institutional investors when there is a new financial instrument because the development of the regulations and market rules for these instruments takes a longer time.

Credit Default Swap (CDS) trading alters equilibrium interactive monitoring of external corporate monitors due to a possible change in private lenders' incentive to monitor client firms. This study explores how audit fees change in response to CDS trade initiation on client firms and how this effect is moderated by investor protection.

With 6,052 cross-country firm observations, the author conducts estimations in the systems dynamic general methods of moments framework.

The author documents that audit fees rise on average after CDS trade initiations with and/or without investor protection. Meanwhile, change in auditors' risk perception result in increased audit costs when CDS trade initiation and investor protection interact. The effect of CDS trading on audit fees remain after controlling for firm, audit, and auditor features are robust to different proxies of audit cost.

The need for firms in high investor protection jurisdictions to initiate CDS trade to implement policies in order to maximize their gains from investor protection activities to lessen the overall impact of any increased audit cost that may arise. Furthermore, CDS regulation may be strategically targeted to lessen the effect of increased audit costs on firms after initiation. This would ensure that the resulting increase in audit cost may not materially impact the cash or profitability position of such firms.

This study is distinct from previous ones by focusing on variation in private lenders incentive to monitor after CDS trade initiation after controlling for possible monitoring by short-term creditors. Given that monitoring is not costless for private lenders and CDS trading on their borrowers causes a change in this cost structure, the author documents how auditors react to such changes in incentive to monitor.

信用違約互換交易會改變外部監督機制的均衡互動監測，這是因為私人貸款者去監控客戶公司的激勵可能有所改變。本研究擬探究審計費用如何改變，以應對向客戶公司進行的信用違約互換交易啟動;研究亦探討投資者保障、如何緩和上述的影響。

我們透過6,052個穿越全國的企業觀察，進行了對系統動力廣義矩估計體系的估測。

無論投資者保障存在與否，信用違約互換交易啟動必帶來審計費用一般的平均升高，我們已把這關聯記錄下來。同時，當信用違約互換交易啟動和投資者保障兩者互相影響時，審計員的風險認知的改變，是會導致審計費用增加的。若拔除公司和審計的影響，信用違約互換交易對審計費用的影響會保持不變;而且，就各個不同的審計費用代理權而言，審計員特點是牢固的。

本研究的結果，確定了若公司屬高投資者保護管轄權的類別，則有需要去啟動信用違約互換交易來實施政策，其目的為能從投資者保障的行動中取得最大的收益，從而減弱審計費用的增加所帶來的全面影響。再者，信用違約互換的管理或許可戰略性地訂立目標，俾能減弱於啟動後，審計費用的上昇對公司帶來的影響;這或會確保審計費用的增加、不會對有關公司的貨幣頭寸或盈利狀況產生重大的影響。

本研究有別於從前的研究，因它的焦點在於短期債權人可能的監督的影響給拔除的情況下，在信用違約互換交易啟動後，以監督為目的私人貸款者激勵的變化。鑒於對私人貸款者來說，監督不是不需要成本的;而且，為他們的借貸者的信用違約互換交易會為這個成本結構帶來變化，我們記錄了審計員如何對以監督為目的的激勵的有關改變作出回應。

Credit default swap (CDS) spreads may not represent the accurate credit risk levels (asymmetric spread behavior) of assets with the initiation of corporate events, such as merger, spin‐off or other similar events in which one entity succeeds to the obligations of another entity. The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) succession language for the definition of succession events misleads the CDS market participants to determine CDS spreads. The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework for the relationship between the ISDA succession language and CDS spreads in order to clarify the factors behind the asymmetric spread behavior around several corporate activities.

The authors develop a conceptual driver model to establish a link between company characteristics and succession issues. Then, a succession model to evaluate the risk levels occurring with succession issues is designed.

The ISDA succession language has an influence on CDS spreads around corporate events. The explanatory approach provides the foundation for the understanding of the relationships between succession issues caused by several corporate events, involving particularly restructuring, refinancing and/or guarantee risk, and CDS spreads. Combination of the driver model and the succession model helps to assess the potential influence of succession events on CDS spreads.

Market participants should take into consideration the effects of the ISDA succession language on CDS spreads around succession of CDS.

Prior research related to the CDS has always focused on the economic determinants of CDS spreads. This paper is the first attempt to explain the relationship between the ISDA succession language and CDS spreads.

In counterparty credit risk management for swaps, forwards, and other derivative contracts, it is recognized that most common applications of credit exposure measurement suffer from the bias that counterparty default is independent of the amount of exposure. Stress tests are often proposed to compensate for this bias, but these measures tend to be arbitrary and cannot be uniformly applied to setting prices and limits as readily as more standardized approaches. The author proposes a framework in which standard measures of counterparty exposure are conditioned on default probabilities. These conditional measures thus account for “rong way” exposures, but fit naturally into current applications.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of the Credit Default Swaps (CDS), as a financial instrument, for transferring of risk in project finance loans. Also, an equation has been derived for pricing of CDS spreads.

The debt service cover ratio (DSCR) is modeled as a Brownian Motion (BM) with a power-law model fitted to the mean and half-variance of the existing data set of DSCRs. The survival probability of DSCR is calculated during the operational phase of the project finance deal, using a closed-form analytical method, and the results are verified by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS).

It is found that using the power-law model yields higher CDS premiums. This in turn confirms the necessity of conducting rigorous statistical analysis in fitting the best performing model as uninformed reliance on constant time-invariant drift and diffusion model can erroneously result in smaller CDS spreads. A sensitivity analysis also shows that the results are very sensitive to the recovery rate and cost of debt values.

Insufficiency of free cash flow is a major risk in the toll road project finance and hence there is a need to develop innovative financial instruments for risk management. In this paper, a novel valuation method of CDS is proposed assuming that DSCR follows the BM stochastic process.

Purpose – We discuss the microeconomic pros and cons of bankloan-backed securities and credit default swaps, that is, the passing on of bank loans or their default risk from originator to the general investor. By ‘micro’ we mean that our focus is on comparative advantages for banks versus other holders of the loans or risks, not the macro pros and cons of higher credit volumes.

Methodology/approach – We apply standard ideas from the corporate finance literature on the choice between loans versus public debt, related to information asymmetries and signaling at the time of origination. We also add new arguments related the possibly unhappy end of the loan.

Findings – Quite apart of the by now familiar quality-preservation incentive issue we think that securitization and CDS destroy value because they move loans and risks away from the party best informed about the risk and best placed to deal with default toward worse-placed parties.

Limitations – The analysis takes the volume of loans as given.

Practical/social implications – ABS and CDS should be confined to the highest-quality type of chapter where no information asymmetries exist, like in Europe where the traditional MBS have not caused problems for centuries.

Originality/value of the paper – To the best of our knowledge, the literature on bank loans versus public debt has not been applied to ABS/CDS before, whereas the issue of who is best placed to bear the risks has not even been raised elsewhere.

PPPs can impose important future public costs, while PPP government guarantees create explicit contingent liabilities similar to public debt obligations. The risk that arises from such partnerships must be transparently valued to assess a country's fiscal profile. The purpose of this study is to show that the notion of a PPP as a (set of) contingent claim(s) can also be used to value the PPP public risk.

Taking a finance perspective, the paper refers to more traditional cases of asset valuation, applies them to a PPP and compares more carefully different set-ups of a PPP. The paper introduces and analyzes the different scenarios that were at the government's disposal for executing a transport infrastructure project.

The findings reveal that, for the first years, the burden on the surplus or deficit will be less in the case of the PPP compares to typical public investment. Secondly, the net contingent PPP flows constitute the real effect on the deficit and correspondingly on the public debt and weaken the government's fiscal position. Finally, the paper attributes a specific price to the PPP public risk introducing CDS valuation with and without counterparty (government) default.

This study, by proposing a method to evaluate PPP risk, complements previous literature on PPPs, which touches upon issues mainly related to the description of PPP types, the effect of contingent commitments and the accounting classification of PPP assets.

The Howard Shuttering Contractors case throws considerable light on the importance which the tribunals attach to warnings before dismissing an employee. In this case the tribunal took great pains to interpret the intention of the parties to the different site agreements, and it came to the conclusion that the agreed procedure was not followed. One other matter, which must be particularly noted by employers, is that where a final warning is required, this final warning must be “a warning”, and not the actual dismissal. So that where, for example, three warnings are to be given, the third must be a “warning”. It is after the employee has misconducted himself thereafter that the employer may dismiss.

The Bureau of Economics in the Federal Trade Commission has a three-part role in the Agency and the strength of its functions changed over time depending on the preferences and ideology of the FTC’s leaders, developments in the field of economics, and the tenor of the times. The over-riding current role is to provide well considered, unbiased economic advice regarding antitrust and consumer protection law enforcement cases to the legal staff and the Commission. The second role, which long ago was primary, is to provide reports on investigations of various industries to the public and public officials. This role was more recently called research or “policy R&D”. A third role is to advocate for competition and markets both domestically and internationally. As a practical matter, the provision of economic advice to the FTC and to the legal staff has required that the economists wear “two hats,” helping the legal staff investigate cases and provide evidence to support law enforcement cases while also providing advice to the legal bureaus and to the Commission on which cases to pursue (thus providing “a second set of eyes” to evaluate cases). There is sometimes a tension in those functions because building a case is not the same as evaluating a case. Economists and the Bureau of Economics have provided such services to the FTC for over 100 years proving that a sub-organization can survive while playing roles that sometimes conflict. Such a life is not, however, always easy or fun.